Electrical characteristics of 18650 Li-ion cells at low temperatures
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The capacity of lithium-ion batteries drops dramatically at low temperatures below 0 °C, restricting their use as reliable power sources for electric vehicles in cold climates and aerospace equipment.
“However, the capacity of LIB drops dramatically at low temperatures (LTs) below 0 °C, thus restricting its applications as a reliable power source for electric vehicles in cold climates and equipment used in the aerospace.”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
The Results (section 3.1, p. 7) report declining delivered energy and power as temperature falls, and the paper states that performance below 0 °C is poor. The Introduction (p. 4) links subambient performance to successful use in space and aerospace applications. The paper measures energy and power rather than directly establishing a drop in capacity, and the cited passages do not address electric vehicles in cold climates. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUnder extreme cold conditions (-40°C), a Li-ion cell can lose up to 95% of its energy and more than 98% of its power capability compared to performance at 25°C.
“Nagasubramanian et al. [24] showed that under extreme cold conditions (-40 • C) a Li-ion cell can lose up to 95% of its energy and more than 98% of its power capability compared to performance levels at 25 • C.”
From Effect of Low Temperature on Electric Vehicle Range (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
The energy density and power density of lithium-ion batteries at -40 °C retain only a very small percentage of their room-temperature values.
“Moreover, the energy density and power density of LIBs at -40 °C can only retain a very small percentage of their values at RT, respectively [4].”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [2]2. D. Ragone, in Proc. Soc. Automotive Engineers Conference, Detroit, MI., May(1968).
- [3]3. a) E. Peter Roth and G. Nagasubramanian, in 38th Power Sources Conference p. 512, Cherry Hill New Jersey, June 8-11, 1998. - b) A. Anani, F. Eschbach, J. Howard, F. Malaspina, and V. Meadows, Electrochimica Acta, 40(1995) 2211.
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The low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries
Zhang, S. S., Xu, K., & Jow, T. R. (2003) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00618-3 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Effect of Low Temperature on Electric Vehicle Range
Steinstraeter, M., Heinrich, T., & Lienkamp, M. (2021) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj12030115 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“In this context, Nagasubramanian et al. [24] showed that under extreme cold conditions ( − 40 ◦ C) a Li-ion cell can lose up to 95% of its energy and more than 98% of its power capability compared to performance levels at 25 ◦ C. Similar research shows that a cell’s capacity can drop by up to 23%…”
BackgroundSpinner, N. S., Love, C. T., Rose-Pehrsson, S. L., & Tuttle, S. G. (2015) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.003 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries
Tan, S., Shadike, Z., Cai, X., Lin, R., Kludze, A., Borodin, O., Lucht, B. L., Wang, C., Hu, E., Xu, K., et al. (2023) · Electrochemical Energy Reviews · doi:10.1007/s41918-023-00199-1 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Moreover, the energy density and power density of LIBs at −40 °C can only retain a very small percentage of their values at RT, respectively [4].”
Wu, W., Wu, W., Qiu, X., & Wang, S. (2019) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.4257 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Guo, R., & Han, W. (2022) · Materials Today Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.mtsust.2022.100187 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nagasubramanian, G.
- Affiliations
- Sandia National Laboratories (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nagasubramanian, G.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-104
- ISSN
- 0021-891X (ISSN-L)
- 1572-8838
- OpenAlex
- W2110725888
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 17.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (publishedVersion)
- University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Keywords
- 18650 cells, low-temperature performance, Ragone plot, energy density, power density, cell impedance, ohmic resistance, cathode-electrolyte interface, anode-electrolyte interface
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