Rape and physical violence: Comparison of assault characteristics in older and younger adults in the national women’s study
Abstract
This study compared characteristics of recently occurring assaults against younger adults (age 18-34 years) with those of distant-past assaults against older adults (age 55-89 years) when they were younger. Responses of a subset of participants in the National Women's Study were the source of data for this study. With the exception of perceived life threat during assault (more prevalent in younger women), assault characteristics did not vary greatly by age in terms of proportions reporting that they had seen the perpetrator before; the event was one in a series; they or the perpetrator were under the influence of a substance; they actually experienced injury; and they reported the assault to authorities. Consistent with previous research, younger women reported greater prevalences of assault than older women.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Stevens, J. P. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843130 · Cited by 10,652 · see citing works
Statistical Abstract of the U nited S tates
(2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess2527 · Cited by 8,872 · see citing works
Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences
Stevens, J. P., & Stevens, J. P. (2001) · doi:10.4324/9781410604491 · Cited by 4,993 · see citing works
(2002) · Cited by 2,645 · see citing works
Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2007
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-1769 · Cited by 2,409 · see citing works
Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
Self-citationIntimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis
Golding, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1023/a:1022079418229 · Cited by 1,788 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Schumm, W. R., & Stevens, J. P. (1993) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2685203 · Cited by 1,532 · see citing works
Norris, F. H. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.3.409 · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
Norris, F. H. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.3.409 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R. E., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.65.5.834 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R. E., Resnick, H. S., et al. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.5.834 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Self-citationUnited States Bureau of the Census
(1998) · Electronic Resources Review · doi:10.1108/err.1998.2.2.10.9 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Criminal Victimization: Lifetime Prevalence, Reporting to Police, and Psychological Impact
Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B. E., Veronen, L. J., Best, C. L., & Von, J. M. (1987) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128787033004005 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B. E., Amick‐McMullan, A., Best, C. L., Veronen, L. J., & Resnick, H. S. (1989) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(89)80069-3 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Health Impact of Interpersonal Violence 2: Medical and Mental Health Outcomes
Resnick, H. S., Acierno, R. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (1997) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289709596730 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Norris, F. H., & Kaniasty, K. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.62.1.111 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Norris, F. H., & Kaniasty, K. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.1.111 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: DSM-IV and Beyond
Cusack, J. R. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.7.1093 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Predicting the Reporting of Rape Victimizations
Bachman, R. D. (1993) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854893020003003 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Violent Assault, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Depression
Acierno, R. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1996) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455960204001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Sexual Assault of the Elderly Victim
Muram, D., MILLER, K., & Cutler, A. (1992) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626092007001006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Alcohol, drugs, and urban violence in a small city trauma center
Buss, T. F., Abdu, R. A., & Walker, J. R. (1995) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/0740-5472(94)00086-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Bachman, R. D., Dillaway, H. E., & Lachs, M. S. (1998) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027598202002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Exploring Negative Dating Experiences and Beliefs About Rape Among Younger and Older Women
Kalra, M., Wood, E., Desmarais, S., Verberg, N., & Senn, C. Y. (1998) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1018630513681 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hatch, S. L., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (2007) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9134-z · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Sexual assault in the U.S. military: A review of the literature and recommendations for the future
Turchik, J. A., & Wilson, S. M. (2010) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.01.005 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Reynolds, K., Pietrzak, R. H., Mackenzie, C. S., Chou, K., & Sareen, J. (2015) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2015.11.001 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Elderly: A Community Prevalence Study
Creamer, M. C., & Parslow, R. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000310785.36837.85 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Crime Reporting Behavior: Do Attitudes Toward the Police Matter?
Boateng, F. D. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516632356 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Cook, J. M., Dinnen, S., & O'Donnell, C. (2011) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2279 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The impact of domestic abuse for older women: a review of the literature
McGarry, J., Simpson, C., & Hinsliff‐Smith, K. (2010) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2010.00964.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Chronicity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Risk of Disability in Older Persons
Byers, A. L., Covinsky, K. E., Neylan, T. C., & Yaffe, K. S. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Bryan, C. J., McNaughton-Cassill, M. E., Osman, A., & Hernandez, A. M. (2013) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12011 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Forensic Markers in Elder Female Sexual Abuse Cases
Burgess, A. W., Hanrahan, N. P., & Baker, T. (2005) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2004.10.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Sexual Abuse, Trauma and Dementia in the Elderly: A Retrospective Study of 284 Cases
Burgess, A. W., & Phillips, S. L. (2006) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564880600663935 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Rossetto, K. R., & Tollison, A. C. (2017) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12232 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Walsh, K., Zinzow, H. M., Badour, C. L., Ruggiero, K. J., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515576968 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Domestic Violence Service Users: A Comparison of Older and Younger Women Victims
Lundy, M., & Grossman, S. F. (2009) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9230-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Older victims of sexual assault: an underrecognized population
Eckert, L. O., & Sugar, N. F. (2008) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.03.021 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
McCauley, J. L., Amstadter, A. B., Danielson, C. K., Ruggiero, K. J., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.026 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Comparisons of Sexual Assault Among Older and Younger Women
Bove, G. D., STERMAC, L. E., & Bainbridge, D. (2005) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1300/j084v17n03_01 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Turchik, J. A., Probst, D. R., Irvin, C. R., Chau, M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015157 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dhairyawan, R., Tariq, S., Scourse, R., & Coyne, K. (2012) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.12009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Parti, K., & Tahir, F. (2023) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci12050264 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Acierno et al. (2001) and Heath et al. (2013) found that older individuals are less likely to report crimes to the police, while others (Goudriaan et al. 2006; Gutierrez and Kirk 2017; Baumer and Lauritsen 2010; Torrente et al. 2017; Goudriaan et al. 2004; Tolsma et al. 2012) have found that the…”
Aspectos psicológicos de mulheres que sofrem violência sexual
de Souza, F. B. C., Drezett, J., Meirelles, A. D. C., & Ramos, D. G. (2012) · Reprodução & Climatério · doi:10.1016/j.recli.2013.03.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Age and educational differences in African American women's sexual assault experiences
Long, L. M., Ullman, S. E., Starzynski, L. L., Long, S. M., & Mason, G. E. (2007) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/1557085106296583 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
McGarry, J., & Simpson, C. (2011) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/14668201111194203 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Boateng, F. D. (2015) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/0269758015591931 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Asiama, A. A., & Zhong, H. (2022) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2022.2029249 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Treating Substance Abuse and Trauma Symptoms in Incarcerated Women
Swopes, R. M., Davis, J. L., & Scholl, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515587668 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Willingness to Report Sexual Offenses to the Police in Ghana
Boateng, F. D., & Lee, H. D. (2014) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2014.907848 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Prevalence of violence against women reported in a rural health region.
Thurston, W. E., Patten, S. B., & Lagendyk, L. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
DeLaney, E. N., Williams, C. D., Mosley, D. V., Hawn, S. E., & Dick, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520978179 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Predictors of Injury Associated with Rape
Crane, P. A. (2006) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1939-3938.2006.tb00062.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Probst, D. R., Turchik, J. A., Zimak, E. H., & Huckins, J. L. (2011) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2011.546754 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Practitioner perspectives of domestic abuse and women over 45
Carthy, N., & Taylor, R. (2018) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370817749484 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ojeahere, M. I., Uwakwe, R., Piwuna, C. G., Audu, M. D., Goar, S. G., Armiya’u, A. Y., & Afolaranmi, T. (2021) · Aging and Health Research · doi:10.1016/j.ahr.2021.100040 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Guess, K. F. (2006) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/00006205-200603000-00008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Correlates of Problem Drinking and Drug Use in Black Sexual Assault Victims
Long, L., & Ullman, S. E. (2016) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00024 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Older women and sexual violence: recognising and supporting survivors
Scriver, S., Mears, E., & Wallace, I. (2013) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-03-2013-0008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Older women and domestic abuse: through a glass darkly
Milne, A. J. (2023) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-10-2022-0022 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Determining Best Practice for Treating Sexually Victimized Children
Saunders, B. E. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118094822.ch8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Johnson, I. M., Morgan, E., & Sigler, R. T. (2007) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.09.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Leiting, K. A., & Yeater, E. A. (2016) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801216637472 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lobell, T. (2006) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
PTSD at Late Life: Context and Treatment
Hyer, L. A., & Yeager, C. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399066.013.0034 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Community capacity and the reporting of extortion victimization
Dulin, A. L. (2023) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2023.2271985 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Iesue, L. T. (2025) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2025.100764 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nerenberg, L. (2009) · Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science · doi:10.1002/9780470061589.fsa479
Document Title: Elderly Victims of Sexual Abuse and Their Offenders
Burgess, A. W. (2006)
The Development of the Sexual Assault Script Scale
Leiting, K. A. (2016) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Prevention and Early Intervention Programs for Older Adults
Strachan, M. K., Elwood, L. S., Amstadter, A. B., & Acierno, R. E. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399066.013.0026
Giacobbe, P., Mosca, A., Ordine, P., & Rose, G. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5290242
Are Colleges Prepared? Exploring the Use of Mental Health Services Among US Students
Napper, S., & Stives, K. L. (2025) · Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice · doi:10.1177/25166069251377907
Help-seeking after gender-based violence: The role of local female political representation
Giacobbe, P., Mosca, A., Ordine, P., & Rose, G. (2026) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2026.102832
Leiting, K. A. (2012) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
- Authors
- Acierno, R., Gray, M., Best, C., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, Saunders, B., & Brady, K.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Alliant University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Acierno, Ron
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-10
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 685-695
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- OpenAlex
- W2042598355
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da005220-04)
- National Institute on Aging
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 05220)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Demography › Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Keywords
- rape, sexual assault, physical violence, age differences, older women, young women, perceived life threat, substance use, injuries, reporting to authorities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Random Allocation, Rape, Violence, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review