The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Using Propensity Scores to Help Design Observational Studies: Application to the Tobacco Litigation
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“Nearly all analyses show Rubin's B<25%, Rubin's R of 0.5–2, and a percentage bias of <10% for each covariate (Fig. 1) (Morgan, 2018; Rubin, 2001).”
From Longitudinal associations between reading for pleasure and child maladjustment: Results from a propensity score matching analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Rubin, 2001
In the citing paper
“We used directed acyclic graphs to identify factors that could be associated with both reading for pleasure and children's strengths and difficulties, or with children's strengths and difficulties only based on previous empirical research (Brookhart et al., 2006; Caliendo and Kopeinig, 2008; Rubin, 2001; Sauer and VanderWeele, 2013).”
From Longitudinal associations between reading for pleasure and child maladjustment: Results from a propensity score matching analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Rubin, 2001
In the citing paper
“Secondly, this process of variable selection can be based on previous research [59].”
Citations
Cites
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
ROSENBAUM, P. R., & RUBIN, D. B. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41 · Cited by 31,241
Self-citationRosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1985) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2683903 · Cited by 6,472
Self-citation(1976) · Annals of Economic and Social Measurement · Cited by 5,035
A generalization of sampling without replacement from a finite universe
Horvitz, D. G., & Thompson, D. J. (1952) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1952.10483446 · Cited by 4,293
Reducing Bias in Observational Studies Using Subclassification on the Propensity Score
Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1984.10478078 · Cited by 3,082
Self-citationA Generalization of Sampling Without Replacement From a Finite Universe
Horvitz, D. G., & Thompson, D. J. (1952) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2280784 · Cited by 3,011
Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Reevaluating the evaluation of training programs
Dehejia, R. H., & Wahba, S. (1999) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10473858 · Cited by 2,395
Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (2000) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.90.5.1397 · Cited by 2,228
Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania
Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (1993) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w4509 · Cited by 2,072
The role of the propensity score in estimating dose-response functions
Imbens, G. W. (2000) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/87.3.706 · Cited by 1,779
Principal Stratification in Causal Inference
Frangakis, C., & Rubin, D. B. (2002) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2002.00021.x · Cited by 1,543
Self-citationMatching using estimated propensity scores: relating theory to practice.
Rubin, D., & Thomas, N. (1996) · Biometrics · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810725.024 · Cited by 1,445
Assignment to Treatment Group on the Basis of a Covariate
Rubin, D. B. (1977) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986002001001 · Cited by 1,362
Self-citationRosenbaum, P., & Rubin, D. B. (1983) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1983.tb01242.x · Cited by 1,128
Self-citationMatching Using Estimated Propensity Scores: Relating Theory to Practice
Rubin, D. B., & Thomas, N. (1996) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533160 · Cited by 1,097
Self-citationHeckman, J. J., & Hotz, V. J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290059 · Cited by 969
Controlling Bias in Observational Studies: A Review
Cochran, W. G. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810725.005 · Cited by 955
Heckman, J. J. (1989) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w2861 · Cited by 892
Rubin, D. B. (1979) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1979.10482513 · Cited by 861
Self-citationCausal Effects in Non-Experimental Studies: Re-Evaluating the Evaluation of Training Programs
Dehejia, R., & Wahba, S. (1998) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w6586 · Cited by 821
Matching to remove bias in observational studies
Rubin, D. B. (1973) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529684 · Cited by 737
Self-citationOptimal Matching for Observational Studies
Rosenbaum, P. R. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1989.10478868 · Cited by 722
Comparison of Multivariate Matching Methods: Structures, Distances, and Algorithms
Gu, X. S., & Rosenbaum, P. R. (1993) · Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10618600.1993.10474623 · Cited by 702 · cited 1×
“…score, and possibly other covariates, and the discarding of all unmatched units (see Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983a, 1985); Rosenbaum (1989, 1991); Gu and Rosenbaum (1993); Rubin and Thomas (1992a,b, 1996, 2000); also see Cochran and Rubin (1973); and Rubin (1976a,b, 1979, 1980)) on discriminant…”
BackgroundMatching to Remove Bias in Observational Studies
Rubin, D. B. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810725.007 · Cited by 600
Self-citationThe Planning of Observational Studies of Human Populations
Cochran, W. G., & Chambers, S. P. (1965) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344179 · Cited by 569
Combining Propensity Score Matching with Additional Adjustments for Prognostic Covariates
Rubin, D. B., & Thomas, N. (2000) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2000.10474233 · Cited by 568
Self-citationEvaluating the Econometric Evaluations of Training Programs with Experimental DataPreprint
Lalonde, R. (1984) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 557
Bias Reduction Using Mahalanobis-Metric Matching
Rubin, D. B. (1980) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529981 · Cited by 539
Self-citationAnalysis of Covariance: Its Nature and Uses
Cochran, W. G. (1957) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2527916 · Cited by 511
Combining Propensity Score Matching with Additional Adjustments for Prognostic Covariates
Thomas, N. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810725.025 · Cited by 508
The Use of Matched Sampling and Regression Adjustment to Remove Bias in Observational Studies
Rubin, D. B. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810725.008 · Cited by 441
Self-citationSTRATIFICATION BY A MULTIVARIATE CONFOUNDER SCORE
Miettinen, O. S. (1976) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112339 · Cited by 351
A Characterization of Optimal Designs for Observational Studies
Rosenbaum, P. R. (1991) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1991.tb01848.x · Cited by 331
Statistical Methods for Comparative Studies
Anderson, S., Auquier, A., Hauck, W. W., Oakes, D., Vandaele, W., & Weisberg, H. I. (1980) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316498 · Cited by 312
In Utero Exposure to Phenobarbital and Intelligence Deficits in Adult Men
Reinisch, J. M., Sanders, S. A., Mortensen, E. L., & Rubin, D. B. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530190032031 · Cited by 310
Self-citationEstimating and Using Propensity Scores with Partially Missing Data
D'Agostino, R. B., & Rubin, D. B. (2000) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2000.10474263 · Cited by 303
Self-citationStatistical Methods for Comparative Studies.
Greenfield, T., Anderson, S., Auquier, A., Hauck, W. W., Oakes, D., Vandaele, W., & Weisberg, H. I. (1981) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2988054 · Cited by 251
In utero exposure to phenobarbital and intelligence deficits in adult men
Reinisch, J. M. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.274.19.1518 · Cited by 239
Rubin, D. B., & Thomas, N. (1992) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/79.4.797 · Cited by 189
Self-citationMultivariate Matching Methods That are Equal Percent Bias Reducing, I: Some Examples
Rubin, D. B. (1976) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529342 · Cited by 161
Self-citationAffinely Invariant Matching Methods with Ellipsoidal Distributions
Rubin, D. B., & Thomas, N. (1992) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176348671 · Cited by 121
Self-citationRubin, D. B. (1976) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529343 · Cited by 118
Self-citationRubin, D. B. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810725.013 · Cited by 112
Self-citationProjecting From Advance Data Using Propensity Modeling: An Application to Income and Tax Statistics
Czajka, J. L., Hirabayashi, S. M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1992) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1080/07350015.1992.10509892 · Cited by 72
Self-citationA Method of Matching Groups for Experiment with No Loss of Population
Peters, C. C. (1941) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1941.10881036 · Cited by 68
Matching when Covariables are Normally Distributed
Carpenter, R. G. (1977) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/64.2.299 · Cited by 51
Estimating the causal effects of smoking
Rubin, D. B. (2001) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.677 · Cited by 34
Self-citationRubin, D. B. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1216-4_16 · Cited by 13
Self-citationStatistical Testimony on Damages in Minnesota v. Tobacco Industry
Zeger, S. L., Wyant, T., Miller, L. S., & Samet, J. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1216-4_15 · Cited by 7
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 51 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- AHCPR, “National medical expenditure survey, calendar year 1987,” Center for General Health Services Research, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service: Rockville,MD, 1992.
- D. J. Benjamin, “Does 401(k) eligibility increase net national savings?: reducing bias in the eligibility effect estimate,” A. B. Honors Thesis in Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1999.
- GAO (U.S. General Accounting Office), “Breast conservation versus mastectomy: patient survival in day-to-day medical practice and randomized studies,” Report #GAO-PEMD-95-9, U.S. General Accounting Office: Washington, D.C., 1995.
- G. W. Harrison, ‘Expert Report, April 27, 1998: “Health care expenditures attributable to smoking in Oklahoma,”’ The State of Oklahoma, ex rel., et al., Plaintiffs, vs. Reynolds Tobacco Co., et al., Defendants, Case No. CJ-96-1499-L, District Court of Cleveland County, Oklahoma, 1998.
- J. Hill, D. B. Rubin and N. Thomas, “The design of the New York school choice scholarship program evaluation,” in Research Designs: Inspired by the Work of Donald Campbell, (L. Bickman, ed.), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 155-180, 1999.
- L. Roseman, “Reducing bias in the estimate of the difference in survival in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1998.
- P. R. Rosenbaum and D. B. Rubin, “Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling incorporating the propensity score,” The American Statistician, 39, pp. 33-38, 1985. · DOI
- D. B. Rubin, “The use of matched sampling and regression adjustment in observational studies,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Statistics, Harvard University: Cambridge, MA, 1970.
- D. B. Rubin, “William, G. Cochran's contributions to the design, analysis, and evaluation of observational studies,” in W. G. Cochran's Impact on Statistics ( Rao and Sedransk, eds.), John Wiley, New York, pp. 37-69, 1984.
- D. B. Rubin, “Statistical assumptions in the estimation of the causal effects of smoking due to the conduct of the tobacco industry,” in Social Science Methodology in the New Millennium. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Logic and Methodology (J. Blasius, J. Hox, E. de Leeuw and P. Schmidt, eds.), October 6, 2000, Cologne, Germany, 1-22, 2000b.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Austin, P. C. (2011) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.568786 · Cited by 12,242
“Rubin (2001) proposed a set of criteria based on comparing the distribution of the propensity score between treated and untreated subjects in a sample to determine whether regression adjustment may inadequately eliminate bias when comparing outcomes between treatment groups.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAustin, P. C. (2009) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3697 · Cited by 6,758
“Rubin argues that an advantage to the use of propensity-score methods is that it allows observational studies to be designed similar to randomized experiments: the design of the study is separated from the analysis of the effect of exposure on the outcome [10].”
Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08746 · Cited by 5,513
Matching Methods for Causal Inference: A Review and a Look Forward
Stuart, E. A. (2010) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/09-sts313 · Cited by 5,478
Austin, P. C., & Stuart, E. A. (2015) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6607 · Cited by 4,495
“Rubin argues that an advantage to the use of propensity score methods is that they allow observational studies to be designed similar to randomized experiments: the design of the study is separated from the analysis of the effect of exposure on the outcome [5].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rubin, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rubin, Donald B.
- ORCID
- Rubin, Donald B.
- Venue
- Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 169-188
- ISSN
- 1387-3741 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-9400
- OpenAlex
- W2597503617
- Cited by
- 2,228
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 174 · 2025: 193 · 2024: 196 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 172 · 2021: 166 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 4.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- propensity score, observational study design, covariate balance, matching, subclassification, weighting, diagnostic tables, treatment effect estimation, tobacco litigation, National Medical Expenditure Survey, causal inference
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