Cited by 329Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchVirtual Reality Applications and ImpactsSimulation and Modeling Applications

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Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD Vietnam veterans: A case study

Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov, Hodges, Larry, Alarcon, Renato, Ready, David, Shahar, Fran, Graap, Ken, Pair, Jarrel, Hebert, Philip, Gotz, Dave, Wills, Brian, Baltzell, David·1999·Journal of Traumatic Stress

DOI 10.1023/a:1024772308758

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Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) integrates real‐time computer graphics, body tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer‐generated virtual environment that changes in a natural way with head and body motion. VR exposure (VRE) is proposed as an alternative to typical imaginal exposure treatment for Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This report presents the results of the first Vietnam combat veteran with PTSD to have been treated with VRE. The patient was exposed to two virtual environments, a virtual Huey helicopter flying over a virtual Vietnam and a clearing surrounded by jungle. The patient experienced a 34% decrease on clinician‐rated PTSD and a 45% decrease on self‐rated PTSD. Treatment gains were maintained at 6‐month follow‐up.

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Authors: Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Alarcon, R., Ready, D., Shahar, F., Graap, K., Pair, J., Hebert, P., Gotz, D., Wills, B., & Baltzell, D.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
Atlanta VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov
ORCID: Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov
Hodges, Larry
Shahar, Fran
Venue: Journal of Traumatic Stress
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-04
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 263-271
ISSN: 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
1573-6598
DOI: 10.1023/a:1024772308758
OpenAlex: W2117071555
Cited by: 328
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 7.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2282 d)
Locations: Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r21mh055555-02)
National Institute of Mental Health (5 R21 MH55555-02)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Simulation and Modeling Applications
Keywords: virtual reality exposure therapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, Vietnam War veterans, combat veterans, Vietnam War, virtual worlds, treatment outcomes, maintenance therapy
MeSH terms: Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reality Therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Vietnam, Warfare

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Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD Vietnam veterans: A case study

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