CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 75

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa

Kusimba, Chapurukha M.·2004·African Archaeological Review
DOI 10.1023/b:aarr.0000030785.72144.4a
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/b:aarr.0000030785.72144.4a

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Maroon settlements on St. Croix are difficult to locate in the archaeological record because they were intentionally secluded and ephemeral places of refuge.

    “However, as both intentionally secluded and ephemeral places of refuge, these maroon settlements are difficult to locate in the archaeological record.”

    From Modeling Marronage: GIS Heuristics of Refuge Affordances in Colonial St. Croix (2025) · cites this paper as Kusimba, 2004

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 195

  1. Agbaje-Williams, B. (1978). Transect Survey of Old Oyo. Unpublished Report, African Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
  2. Agbaje-Williams, B. (1983). A Contribution to the Archaeology of Old Oyo. PhD dissertation, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
  3. Agbaje-Williams, B. (1991). Archaeology and Yoruba studies. In Falola, T. (ed.), Yoruba Historiography, African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, pp. 5-29.
  4. Agorsah, E. K. (1990). Archaeology of maroon heritage in Jamaica. Archaeology Jamaica 2: 14-19.
  5. Agorsah, E. K. (1993). Archaeology and resistance history in the Caribbean. African Archaeological Review 11: 175-195. · DOI
  6. Alexander, J. (2001). Islam, archaeology and slavery in Africa. World Archaeology 33: 44-46. · DOI
  7. Allen, J. De V. (1976). The Swahilis in Western historiography, Seminar Paper. Institute of African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
  8. Allen, J. De V. (1993). Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture and the Shungwaya Phenomenon. James Currey, London.
  9. Alpers, E. A. (1969). Trade, state and society among Yao in nineteenth century. Journal of African History 10: 405-420. · DOI
  10. Alpers, E. A. (1975). Ivory and Slaves in East and Central Africa, Heinemann, London.
  11. Andah, B. (1995). Studying African societies in cultural context. In Schmidt, P. R., and Patterson, T. C. (eds.), Making Alternative Histories, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 149-181.
  12. Andrews, S. C., and Fenton, J. P. (2001). Archaeology and the invincible man: The role of slavery in the production of wealth and social class in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, 1820 to 1870. World Archaeology 33: 115-135. · DOI
  13. Atieno-Odhiambo, E. S. (2001). African Historians and African Voices: Essays Presented to Professor Bethwell Allan Ogot. P. Schlettwein Publishing, Basel.
  14. Austen, R. A. (1989). The nineteenth century slave trade from East Africa (Swahili and Red Sea Coasts): A tentative census. Slavery and Abolition 9(3): 21-44. · DOI
  15. Bagshawe, F. J. (1925). The Peoples of the Happy Valley (East Africa): The Aboriginal Races of Kondoa Irangi, Part II, The Kangeju. Journal of the African Society 24: 117-130.
  16. Beachey, R. W. (1976). The Slave Trade of Eastern Africa, Barnes and Noble, London.
  17. Benjamin, J. J. (2002). East Africa and the World: The Relationship of Knowledge and Power in the Construction of History, Race, and Identity. Unpublished PhD thesis, State University of New York, Binghamton.
  18. Bisson, M. S., Childs, S. T., De Barros, P., and Holl, A. F. C. (2000). Ancient African Metallurgy: The Sociocultural Context, Altamira, Walnut Creek, CA.
  19. Blaut, J. M. (1993). The Colonizers Model of the World, Guilford Press, New York.
  20. Blaut (1993a). 1924: The Debate on Colonialism, Eurocentrism, and History. Africa World Press, Trenton.
  21. Bravman, B. (1998). Making Ethnic Ways: Communities and Their Transformations in Taita, Kenya, 1800–1950, Heinemann, Portsmouth, UK.
  22. Bulcha, M. (2002). The Making of the Oromo Diaspora, Kirk House, Minneapolis, MN.
  23. Carney, J. A. (2001). Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. · DOI
  24. Cassey, J. (1998). The ecology of food production in West Africa. In Connah, G. (ed.), Transformations in Africa: Essays on Africa's Later Past, Leicester University Press, Leicester, UK, pp. 48-70.
  25. Casson, L. (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  26. Chau, Ju Kua. (1966). (12th Cent.) Chu Fan Chi: Chinese and Arab Trade in the 12th and 13th Centuries, Wiesbaden, Amsterdam.
  27. Chittick, H. N. (1965). A note on stone-built enclosures in South Nyanza, Kenya. Man 147: 152-153. · DOI
  28. Chittick, H. N. (1969). The coast before the arrival of the Portuguese. In Ogot, B. A., and Kieran., J. A. (eds.), Zamani, East African Publishing, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 100-118.
  29. Cooper, F. (1977). Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  30. Cooper, F. (1980). From Slaves to Squatters: Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya, 1890–1925, Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi.
  31. Cooper, F. (1981). Islam and cultural: The ideology of slave owners on the East African Coast. In Lovejoy, P. (ed.), The Ideology of Slavery in Africa, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA, pp. 247-277.
  32. Coupland, R. (1938). East Africa and Its Invaders, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  33. Coupland, R. (1968). The Exploitation of East Africa, 1856–1890. The Slave Trade and the Scrambl, Faber and Faber, London.
  34. Cox, G., and Sealy, J. (1997). Investigating identity and life histories: Isotopic analysis and historical documentation of slave skeletons from on the Cape Town foreshore, South Africa. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 1: 207-224. · DOI
  35. Cox, G., Sealy, J., Schrire, C., and Morris, A. (2001). Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses of the underclass at the colonial Cape of Good Hope in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. World Archaeology 33: 73-97. · DOI
  36. Curtin, P. D. (1984). Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge University Press, New York. · DOI
  37. Das Gupta, A. (1987). Introduction II: The story. In India and the Indian Das Gupta, A., and Pearson, M. N. (ed.), Ocean, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 25-45.
  38. David, N., Sterner, J., and Gavua, M. K. (1988). Why pots are decorated. Current Anthropology 29: 365-389. · DOI
  39. De Barros, P. (2001). The effects of the slave trade on the Bassar iron working society of Togo. In DeCorse, C. R. (ed.), West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 59-80.
  40. DeCorse, C. R. (1998). The Europeans in West Africa: Culture contact, continuity, and change. In Connah, G. (ed.), Transformations in Africa: Essays on Africa's Later Past, Leicester University Press, Leicester, UK, pp. 219-244.
  41. DeCorse, C. R. (2001). West Africa during the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives, Leicester University Press, London.
  42. Depelchin, J. (1999). Braudel and African history: Dismantling or reproducing the colonial/capital paradigm? In Martin, W. O., and West, M. O. (ed.), Out of One, Many Africa's: Reconstructing the Study and the Meaning of Africa, University of Illinois Press, Chicago, pp. 157-174.
  43. Donley, L. (1982). House power: Swahili space and symbolic markers. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 63-73. · DOI
  44. Donley-Reid, L. (1984). The Social Uses of Swahili Spaces and Objects. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
  45. Donley-Reid, L. (1986). Life in the Swahili town reveals the symbolic meanings of spaces and artifact assemblages. African Archaeological Review 5: 181-192. · DOI
  46. DuBois, W. E. B. (1978). The World and Africa, Rev. edn., International Publishers Company, New York.
  47. DuBois (1965). The World and Africa: An Inquiry into the Part Which Africa has Played in World History, (enlarged edition), International Publishers, New York.
  48. Dunn, R. E. (1986). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim traveler of the 14th Century, Encyclopedia of Islam 1954, Brill, Leiden, Netherlands.
  49. Fadiman, J. (1982). An Oral History of Tribal Warfare: The Meru of Mt. Kenya, Ohio University Press, Athens, OH.
  50. Falola, T., and Ajayi, J. F. A. (1993). African Historiography: Essays in Honour of Jacob Ade Ajayi, Longman, Lagos, Nigeria.
  51. Farrant, L. (1975). Tippu Tip and the East African Slave Trade, St. Martins, New York.
  52. Ferguson, L. (1992). Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650–1800, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  53. Forsbrooke, H. A. (1960). The ‘Masai walls’ of Moa: Walled towns of the Segeju. Tanganyika Notes and Records 41: 30-37.
  54. Fowler, I. (1990). Babungo: A Study of Iron Production, Trade, and Power in Nineteenth Century Ndop Plain Chiefdom (Cameroons). PhD disseertation, University of London, London.
  55. Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (1965). The French at Kilwa Island: An Episode in Eighteenth Century East African History, Clarendon, Oxford.
  56. French-Sheldon, M. (1892). Customs among the natives of East Africa, from Teita to Kilimengilia, with special reference to their women and children. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 21: 358-390. · DOI
  57. Funari, F. P. A. (1999). Maroon, race, and gender: Palmares material culture and social relations in a runaway settlement. In Funari, P. P. A., Hall, M., and Jones, S. (eds.), Historical Archaeology: Back From the Edge, Routledge, London, pp. 308-327.
  58. Gates, H. L., Jr. (1998). Wonders of the African World, Knopf, New York.
  59. Gillman, C. (1944). Annotated list of ancient and modern indigenous structures in Eastern Africa. Tanganyika Notes and Records 17: 44-55.
  60. Glassman, J. P. (1983). The Runaway Slave in Coastal Resistance to Zanzibar: The Case of the Witu Sultanate. MA thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
  61. Giles, L. (1989). Spirit Possession on the Swahili Coast: Peripheral Cults of Primary Texts. PhD Thesis. University of Texas at Austin, Austin.
  62. Glassman, J. P. (1991). The bondman's new clothes: The contradictory nature of slave resistance on the Swahili Coast. The Journal of African History 32: 277-312. · DOI
  63. Glassman, J. P. (1995). Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888, Heinemann, Portsmouth, UK.
  64. Goucher, C. (1981). Iron is iron ‘til it is rust: trade and ecology in the decline of West African iron-smelting. Journal of African History 22: 179-189. · DOI
  65. Gray, J. (1956). The French at Kilwa, 1776–1784. Tanganyika Notes and Records 44: 28-49.
  66. Hall, M. (1993). Annual Review of Anthropology, 22: 177-200. · DOI
  67. Harris, J. E. (1971). The African Presence in Asia: Consequences of the East African Slave Trade, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL.
  68. Harris, J. E. (1985). Malik Ambar: African Regent--Minister in India. Journal of African Civilizations 7(1): 2-29.
  69. Harris, J. E. (1992). The African Diaspora in the Old and the New Worlds. In Ogot, B. A. (ed.), General History of Africa V: African From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, UNESCO, Heinemann, London.
  70. Henige, D. P. (1974). The Chronology of Oral Tradition; Quest for a Chimera, Oxford Studies in African Affairs, Clarendon, Oxford.
  71. Herbert, E. W. (1993). Iron, Gender, and Power: Rituals of Transformation in African Societies, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
  72. Herlehy, T. J. (1984). Ties that bind. International Journal of African Historical Studies 17: 285-308. · DOI
  73. Herlehy, T. J., and Morton, R. F. (1988). A coastal ex-slave community in the regional and colonial economy of Kenya: The Wamisheni of Rabai, 1880–1963. In Miers, S., and Roberts, R. (eds.), The End of Slavery in Africa, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp. 254-271.
  74. Hirth, F., and Rockhill, W. W. (1911). Chau Ju-kua, Chu-fan-chi [His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries], Printing Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, FL.
  75. Hobley, C. W. (1895). Upon a visit to Tsavo and the Taita highland. Geographical Journal 5: 545-561. · DOI
  76. Holl, A. F. C. (1990). West African archaeology: Colonialism and nationalism. In Robertshaw, P. (ed.), A History of African Archaeology, James Currey, London, pp. 296-309.
  77. Holl, A. F. C. (1995). African history: Past, present and future; the unending quest for alternatives. In Schmidt, P. R., and Patterson, T. C. (ed.), Making Alternative Histories, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 183-211.
  78. Holl, A. F. C. (2000). The Diwan Revisited, Kegan Paul, London.
  79. Holl, A. F. C. (2003). Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements, Lexington Books, Oxford.
  80. Horton, M. (1996). Shanga: A Muslim Trading Community on the East African Coast, British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  81. Horton, M., and Middleton, J. (2000). The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society, Blackwell, Oxford.
  82. Inikori, J. E. (1997). Slave trade, Western Africa. In Middleton, J. (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Africa South of the Sahara, Vol. 4, Charles Schribner's Sons, New York, pp. 88-94.
  83. Insoll, T. (1990). The Archaeology of Islam, Blackwell, Boston.
  84. Jackson, K. (1972). An Ethnographic Study of the Oral Traditions of the Akamba, University Microfilm, Ann Arbor, MI.
  85. Jackson, T. (1948). Some stone built defenses on Ukerewe Island. Tanganyika Notes and Records 25: 77-78.
  86. Jaubert, P.-A. (1975) (ed. and trans.). La Géographie d'édrisi, Wiesbaden, Amsterdam.
  87. Kelly, K. (1997). Using historically informed archaeology: Seventeenth and eighteenth century Hueda/European interaction on the coast of Benin. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 4: 353-366. · DOI
  88. Kelly, K. G. (1996). Slave trade in Africa. In Vogel, J. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa, Altamira, Walnut Creek, CA, pp. 532-535.
  89. Klein, M. (1993). Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage and Emancipation in Africa and Asia, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
  90. Klein, M., and Robertson, C. (1983). Women and Slavery in Africa, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
  91. Kopytoff, I., and Miers, S. (1977). African 'slavery’ as an institution of marginality. In Miers, S., and Kopytoff, I. (eds.), Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives, University of Wisconsin, Madison, pp. 3-81.
  92. Kraph, J. L. (1860). Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours During an Eighteen Year's Residence in Eastern Africa, Ticknor and Fields, Boston.
  93. Kusimba, C. M. (1999a). The Rise and Fall of Swahili State, Altamira, Walnut Creek, CA.
  94. Kusimba, C. M. (1999b). The rise of Elites among the pre-colonial Swahili of the East African Coast. In Robb, J. (ed.), Material Symbols in Prehistory, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, pp. 318-341.
  95. Kusimba, C. M., and Bronson, B. (in press). Iron and environment in East Africa. Nigeria Notes and Records.
  96. Kusimba, C. M., and Kusimba, S. B. (1998–2002). Tsavo and Kasigau Archaeological Research Program, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
  97. Kusimba, C. M., and Kusimba, S. B. (2001). Hinterlands of Swahili cities: Archaeological investigations of economy and trade in Tsavo, Kenya. In Kropacek, L., and Skalnik, P. (eds.), Africa 2000: Forty Years of African Studies in Prague, Roman Misek, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 203-232.
  98. Kusimba, C. M., and Kusimba, S. B. (2004). East Africa. In Stahl, A.B. (ed.), African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction, Blackwell, Cambridge, MA. · DOI
  99. Kusimba, S. B. (2003). African Foragers: Environment, Technology, Interactions, Altamira, Walnut Creek, CA.
  100. Kusimba, C. M. (2004). Slavery and Warfare in African Chiefdoms. In Violent Transformations: The Archaeology of Warfare and Long-Term Social Change. Edited by E. Arkush and M. Allen. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City (in Press).
  101. Leakey, L. S. B. (1936). Preliminary report on examination of Engaruka ruins. Tanganyika Notes and Records 1: 57-60.
  102. Leys, C. (1975). Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism, 1964–1971, Random House, New, York.
  103. Littlefield, D. C. (1981). Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
  104. Livingstone, D. (1880). Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa From 1865 to His Death, John Murray, London.
  105. Lodhi, A. Y. (1974). The Institution of Slavery in Zanzibar and Pemba, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden.
  106. Lofgren, L. (1967). Stone structures of South Nyanza, Kenya. Azania 2: 73-88. · DOI
  107. Lovejoy, P. E. (2000). Transformation in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa, 2nd edn., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  108. Lugard, F. J. (1968). Rise of Our East African Empire: Early Efforts in Nyasaland Uganda, International Specialized Book Services Blackwood, Edinburgh.
  109. MacDonald, D. (1882). Africana: Or, the Heart of Heathen Africa, Vol. 1, Simpkin Marshall, London.
  110. Manning, P. (1982). Slavery, Colonialism, and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640–1960, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. · DOI
  111. Manning, P. (1990). Slavery and African Life. Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  112. Martin, E. B., and Ryan, T. C. I. (1977). A quantitative assessment of the Arab slave trade of East Africa. Kenya Historical Review 5: 71-91.
  113. Mbotela, J. (1934). Uhuru Wa Watumwa, Sheldon Press, London.
  114. Merritt, H. (1975). A History of the Taita of Kenya to 1900. PhD thesis, Department of History, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
  115. Middleton, J. (1992). The World of the Swahili: An African Mercantile Civilization, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  116. Mirza, S., and Strobel, M. (1989). Three Swahili Women: Life Histories From Mombasa, Kenya, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. · DOI
  117. Morris, A. (1992). Skeletons of Contact: A Study of Protohistoric Burials From the Lower Orange River Valley, South Africa, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  118. Morris (1996). Trophy Skull, Museums and the San. In S. Skotness (ed.). Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen, pp. 67-80.
  119. Morton, F. (1978). A reappraisal of the history of Wata hunters of the Kenya Coast in the pre-colonial era. Kenya Historical Review, 23-56.
  120. Morton, F. (1990). Children of Ham, Freed Slaves and Fugitive Slaves on the Kenya Coast, 1873–1907, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
  121. Mutoro, H. W. (1998). Precolonial trading systems of the East African interior. In Connah, G. (ed.), Transformations in Africa: Essays on Africa's Later Past, Leicester University Press, Leicester, UK, pp. 186-203.
  122. Mutoro, H., and Abungu, G. H. O. (1993). Coast-Interior settlements and social relations in the Kenya Coastal hinterland. In Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B., and Okpoko, A. (eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, Routledge, London, pp. 694-703.
  123. Nafzinger, E. W. (1988). Inequality in Africa: Political Elites, Proletariat, Peasants and the Poor, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  124. Naqvi, H. K. (1972). Urbanization and Urban Centres Under the Great Mughals: 1556–1707, Vol. 1, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, India.
  125. New, C. (1874). Life Wanderings and Labours in East Africa, Hodder and Stroughton, London.
  126. Newitt, M. D. D. (1972). Angoche, the slave trade, and the Portuguese c. 1844–1910. Journal of African History 13: 659-672. · DOI
  127. Newitt, M. D. D. (1987). East Africa and the Indian Ocean Trade. In Das Gupta, A, and Pearson, M. N. (ed.), India and the Indian Ocean, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 201-223.
  128. Newitt, M. D. D., and Garlake, P. S. (1967). The “Aringa” at Massangano. Journal of African History 8: 133-156. · DOI
  129. Nicholls, C. H. (1971). The Swahili Coast: Politics, Diplomacy, and Trade on the East African Littoral, 1798–1856, George Allen and Unwin Limited, New York.
  130. Nurse, D., and Spear, T. (1985). The Swahili, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. · DOI
  131. Nwulia, D. E. (1975). Britain and Slavery in East African, Three Continents Press, Washington, DC.
  132. Obst, E. (1912). Von Mkalama ins Land der Wakindiga. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg 26: 1-45.
  133. Ogot, B. A., Falola, T., and Atieno-Odhiambo, E. S. (2002). The Challenges of History and Leadership in Africa: The Essays of Bethwell Allan Ogot, Classic authors and texts on Africa, Africa World Press, Trenton, NJ.
  134. Oka, R. C., Kusimba, C. M., and Thorbahn, P. F. (in press). Gujarati Cotton and East African Ivory: The Coast-Hinterland interactions from the Indian Ocean perspective. In Kusimba, C. M. (ed.), Ecology, Economy and Culture: Human Interactions in the Tsavo Region, Southeastern Kenya, Fieldiana Anthropology Series, Field Museum Press, Chicago.
  135. Oliver, R. A., and Fage, J. D. (1975). The African Iron Age, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  136. Orser, C. E., Jr. (1990). Archaeological approaches to New World plantation slavery. Archaeological Method and Theory 2: 111-154.
  137. Orser, C. E., Jr. (1994). The archaeology of African-American slave religion in the antebellum South. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 4: 33-45. · DOI
  138. Orser, C. E., Jr. (1996). Images of the Recent Past: Readings in Historical Archaeology, Altamira, Walnut Creek, CA.
  139. Orser, C. E., and Funari, P. P. A. (2001). Archaeology and slave resistance and rebellion. World Archaeology 33: 61-72. · DOI · Paper page
  140. Pearson, M. N. (1998). Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India and Portugal in the Early Modern Era. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  141. Perham, M. (1979). East African Journey: Kenya and Tanganyika 1929–30, Faber and Faber, London.
  142. Pouwels, R. L. (2000). The East African Coast, c. 780–1900 C.E. In Levitzion, N., and Pouwels, R. L. (ed.), The History of Islam in Africa, Ohio University Press, Athens, pp. 251-272.
  143. Prakash, O. (1998). European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. · DOI
  144. Price, R. (1979). Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  145. Ringrose, D. R. (2001). Expansion and Global Interaction, 1200–1700, Longman, New York.
  146. Robertson, C. (1997). Gender and trade relations in central Kenya in the late Nineteenth century. International Journal of African Historical Studies 30: 23-47. · DOI
  147. Robertson, C., and Klein, M. A. (1983). Women and Slavery in Africa, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
  148. Rodney, W. (1969). Upper Guinea and the significance of the origins of Africans enslaved in the New World. The Journal of Negro History 54(4): 220-244. · DOI
  149. Rodney, W. (1971). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Tanzania Publishing House, Dar es Salaam.
  150. Ross, R. (1983). Cape of Torments Slavery and Resistance in South Africa, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
  151. Schmidt, P. (1978). Historical Archaeology: A Structural Approach in an African Culture, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.
  152. Schmidt, P. (1983). Cultural meaning and myth in African history. International Journal of Oral History 4: 165-183.
  153. Schmidt, P. (1990). Oral traditions, archaeology and history: A short reflective history. In Robertshaw, P. (ed.), A History of African Archaeology, James Currey, London, pp 252-270.
  154. Schmidt, P. R. (1995). Using archaeology to remake history in Africa. In Schmidt, P. R., and Patterson, T. C. (eds.), Making Alternative Histories: The Practice of Archaeology and History in Nonwestern Settings, School for American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 119-147.
  155. Schrire, C. (1995). Digging Through Darkness, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville.
  156. Schweinfurth, G. (1874). The Heart of Africa: Three Year's Travels and Adventures in the Unexplored Region of Central Africa From 1868 to 1871, 2 vols, Harper and Collins, New York.
  157. Scully, R. T. (1969). Fort Sites of East Bukusu, Kenya. Azania 4: 105-114. · DOI
  158. Scully, R. T. (1979). Nineteenth century settlement sites and related oral traditions from the Bungoma area, western Kenya. Azania 14: 81-95. · DOI
  159. Sealy, J. C., Armstrong, R., and Schrire, C. (1995). Beyond lifetime averages: Tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological human skeletons. Antiquity 69: 290-300. · DOI
  160. Sealy, J. C., Morris, A., Armstrong, R., Markell, A., and Schrire, C. (1993). An historic skeleton from the slave lodge at Vergelegen. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 7: 84-91.
  161. Shell, R. C. H. (1994). Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838, Wesleyan University Press, Hanover, NH.
  162. Sheriff, A. M. H. (1987). Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770–1873, Ohio University Press, Athens.
  163. Singleton, T. A. (1985). The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, Academic Press, New York.
  164. Singleton, T. A. (1995). The archaeology of slavery in North America. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 119-140. · DOI · Paper page
  165. Singleton, T. A. (1999). “I, Too, Am America”: Archaeological Studies of African American Life, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.
  166. Soper, R. (1965). Notes on a Visit to the Taita Hills. Unpublished Manuscript, British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  167. Spear, T. (1978). The Kaya Complex: A History of the Mijikenda Peoples of the Kenya Coast to 1900, Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi.
  168. Spear, T. (1981). Kenya's Past, Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi.
  169. Stahl, A. B. (1999). The archaeology of global encounters viewed from Banda, Ghana. African Archaeological Review 16: 5-81. · DOI
  170. Stahl, A. B. (2001). Making History in Banda: Anthropological Visions of Africa's Past, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. · DOI
  171. Stahl, A. B. (2002). Colonial entanglements and the practice of taste: An alternative to logocentric approaches. American Anthropologist 104(3): 827-845. · DOI
  172. Stigand, C. H. (1913). The Land of Zinj: Being an Account of the British East Africa, Its Ancient History and Present Inhabitants, Constable, London.
  173. Stiles, D. (1980). Archaeological and ethnographic studies of pastoral groups of Northern Kenya. Nyame Akuma 17: 20-24.
  174. Stiles, D. (1981). Hunters of the northern East African coast: origins and historical processes. Africa 51: 848-862. · DOI
  175. Stiles, D. (1982). A history of hunting peoples on the northern East African coast. Paideuma 28: 165-174.
  176. Stine, L. F., Cabal, M. A., and Grover, M. D. (1996). Blue beads as African-American symbols. Historical Archaeology 30: 49-75. · DOI
  177. Strayer, R. (1971). The Church Missionary Society in Eastern and Central Kenya, 1875–1935: A Mission Community in a Colonial Society, PhD dissertation, University Microfilm, Ann Arbor.
  178. Sutton, J. E. G. (1965). Sirikwa holes, stone houses and their makers in the western highlands of Kenya. Man 65: 101. · DOI
  179. Sutton, J. E. G. (1998a). Engaruka: An irrigation agricultural community in northern Tanzania before the Maasai. Azania 33: 1-37. · DOI
  180. Sutton, J. E. G. (1998b). Hyrax hill and the later archaeology of the Central Rift valley of Kenya. Azania 33: 73-112. · DOI
  181. Thomson, J. (1885). Through Masailand, 2 Vols, Sampson, Low and Marston, London.
  182. Thorbahn, P. F. (1979). Precolonial Ivory Trade of East Africa: Reconstruction of a Human-Elephant Ecosystem, PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  183. Thornton, J. (1992). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic world, 1400–1680,. University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  184. Vansina, J. (1965). Oral Tradition: A Study of Historical Methodology, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
  185. Vansina, J. (1990). Oral Tradition as History, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
  186. Wakefield, T. (1870). Routes of native caravans from the coast to the interior of East Africa. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. 40: 303-338. · DOI
  187. Wandibba, B. J. S. (1972). The Bukusu forts. Unpublished BA thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
  188. Watts, S. (1997). Epidemics and History: Disease, Power, and Imperialism, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  189. Weatherby, J. M. (1967). Nineteenth century wars in Western Kenya. Azania 3: 133-144. · DOI
  190. Webster, J. (1999). Resisting traditions: Ceramics, identify, and consumer choice in the Outer Hebrides from 1800 to the present. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 3: 53-73. · DOI
  191. Wilkie, L. A. (1995). Magic and empowerment on the plantation: An archaeological consideration of African-American world view. Southeastern Archaeology 14: 136-148.
  192. Wilks (1975). Asante in the Nineteenth Century. The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  193. Wray, J. A. (1912). Kenya: Our Newest Colony; Reminiscences, Marshall Brothers, London.
  194. Ylvisaker, M. (1982). The ivory trade in the Lamu area. Paideuma 28: 221-231.
  195. Young, A. L. (1996). Archaeological evidence of African styled ritual and healing practices in the Upland South. Tennessee Archaeologists, 21: 139-155.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Kusimba, C. M.
Venue
African Archaeological Review
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2004-06
Volume
21
Issue
2
Pages
59-88
ISSN
  • 0263-0338
  • 1572-9842
DOI
10.1023/b:aarr.0000030785.72144.4a
Cited by
75
References
3
Language
en
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review