The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Optimal Targeting of Incivility-Reduction Strategies
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“There is often considerable dissention among community residents regarding which disorder-related issues are the most problematic (Bohm, Reynolds, & Holmes, 2000;Chesluk, 2004;Spelman, 2004;Webb & Katz, 1997).”
From Procedural Justice and Order Maintenance Policing: A Study of Inner‐City Young Men’s Perceptions of Police Legitimacy (2010) · cites this paper as Spelman, 2004
Citations
Cites
Multiple regression in behavioral research
Kerlinger, F. N., & Pedhazur, E. J. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,919
Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis.
Kadane, J. B., Box, G. E. P., & Tiao, G. C. (1975) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2285412 · Cited by 3,853
A Guide to Modern Econometrics
Verbeek, M. (2000) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1,777
Sherman, L. W., & Goldstein, H. (1991) · The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) · doi:10.2307/1143749 · Cited by 1,349
Coping with Crime: Individual and Neighborhood Reactions
Dubow, F., Skogan, W. G., & Maxfield, M. G. (1982) · The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) · doi:10.2307/1143199 · Cited by 803
Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime: Role of Social and Physical Incivilities
LaGRANGE, R. L., FERRARO, K. F., & SUPANCIC, M. (1992) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427892029003004 · Cited by 788
Efron, B., & Morris, C. (1977) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0577-119 · Cited by 739
Perkins, D. D., & Taylor, R. B. (1996) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02511883 · Cited by 638
The Fear of Crime: Causes and Consequences
Garofalo, J. (1981) · The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) · doi:10.2307/1143018 · Cited by 561
Testing Alternative Models of Fear of Crime
Taylor, R. B., & Hale, M. (1986) · The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) · doi:10.2307/1143593 · Cited by 423
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Portland Police Department (1992). Landlord Training Program Manual, Community Policing Support Division, Portland, OR.
- Scott, M. S. (2001). Assaults In and Around Bars, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Washington, DC.
- Taylor, R. B. (1999). Crime Changes in Baltimore, 1970–1994 (computer file), 2nd ed., Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Trojanowicz, R., and Smyth, P. (1984). A Manual for the Establishment and Operation of a Foot Patrol Program, Michigan State University, National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center, East Lansing, MI.
- Trojanowicz, R. (1986). The Status of Contemporary Community Policing Programs, Michigan State University, National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program, East Lansing, MI.
Cited by
Gau, J. M., & Brunson, R. K. (2010) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418820902763889 · Cited by 582
Metadata
- Authors
- Spelman, W.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spelman, William
- ORCID
- Spelman, William
- Venue
- Journal of Quantitative Criminology
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-88
- ISSN
- 0748-4518 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7799
- OpenAlex
- W2034862388
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Quantitative Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Keywords
- vandalism, vacant housing, litter, fear of crime, neighborhood satisfaction, crime perception, neighborhood conditions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Optimal Targeting of Incivility-Reduction Strategies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1023/b:joqc.0000016700.27654.76
- The paper
- Spelman, W. (2004). Optimal Targeting of Incivility-Reduction Strategies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1023/b%3Ajoqc.0000016700.27654.76
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
