The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A cubic relationship between air‐sea CO2 exchange and wind speed
Abstract
Using recent laboratory and field results we explore the possibility of a cubic relationship between gas exchange and instantaneous (or short‐term) wind speed, and its impact on global air‐sea fluxes. The theoretical foundation for such a dependency is based on retardation of gas transfer at low to intermediate winds by surfactants, which are ubiquitous in the world's oceans, and bubble‐enhanced transfer at higher winds. The proposed cubic relationship shows a weaker dependence of gas transfer at low wind speed and a significantly stronger dependence at high wind speed than previous relationships. A long‐term relationship derived from such a dependence, combined with the monthly CO 2 climatology of Takahashi [1997], leads to an increase in the global annual oceanic CO 2 uptake from 1.4 Gigaton C yr−1 to 2.2 Gigaton C yr−1. Although a cubic relationship fits within global bomb‐14 C oceanic uptake constraints, additional checks are warranted, particularly at high wind speeds where the enhancement is most pronounced.
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“If the hydrocarbons originate from the sea, then an exponential relationship between the measured mixing ratios and wind speed can be expected due to the flux dependency on wind strength27,28.”
From The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cites
Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean
Wanninkhof, R. (1992) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/92jc00188 · Cited by 4,737
Self-citationAir-Sea Gas Exchange Rates: Introduction and Synthesis
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Global air-sea flux of CO 2 : An estimate based on measurements of sea–air pCO 2 difference
Takahashi, T., Feely, R. A., Weiss, R. F., Wanninkhof, R. H., Chipman, D. W., Sutherland, S. C., & Takahashi, T. T. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8292 · Cited by 471
Self-citationThe distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean
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Air–sea gas exchange in rough and stormy seas measured by a dual-tracer technique
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Gas transfer to and across an air-water interface
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Woolf, D. K. (1997) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525025.007 · Cited by 223
Gas exchange and CO2 flux in the tropical Atlantic Ocean determined from 222Rn and pCO2 measurements
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On the role of large bubbles in air-sea gas exchange and supersaturation in the ocean
Keeling, R. F. (1993) · Journal of Marine Research · doi:10.1357/0022240933223800 · Cited by 209
The role of organic films in air–sea gas exchange
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Gas transfer to and across an air-water interface
Deacon, E. L. (1977) · Tellus · doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00746.x · Cited by 166
The effect of bubble‐mediated gas transfer on purposeful dual‐gaseous tracer experiments
Asher, W. E., & Wanninkhof, R. H. (1998) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/98jc00245 · Cited by 162
Self-citationA stability dependent theory for air‐sea gas exchange
Erickson, D. J. (1993) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/93jc00039 · Cited by 138
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The influence of bubble plumes on air‐seawater gas transfer velocities
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The Role of Oceanic Whitecaps in Air-Sea Gas Exchange
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(2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s0967-0653(97)83693-9 · Cited by 3
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- McGillis W. R., 1995, Air‐Water Gas Transfer, 363
- McGillis W. R.J.EdsonR.Wanninkhof Direct air‐sea flux measurements of CO2 over the North Atlantic Ocean and the comparison to indirect methods Abstract Volume 2nd International Symposium on CO2 in the Oceans 22‐02 1999
- Schneider B.K.NagelH.ThomasA.Rebers The Baltic Sea CO2 budget Abstract Volume 2nd International Symposium on CO2 in the Oceans 21‐06 1999
Cited by
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Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R. H., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., et al. (2008) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009 · Cited by 2,382
Self-citationTakahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Poisson, A., Metzl, N., Tilbrook, B., Bates, N. R., Wanninkhof, R. H., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., et al. (2002) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00003-6 · Cited by 1,858
Self-citationThe Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Prentice, I. C., Farquhar, G. D., Fasham, M. J. R., GOULDEN, M. L., Heimann, M., Jaramillo, V. J., Kheshgi, H. S., Quéré, C. L., Scholes, R. J., Wallace, D. W. R., et al. (2001) · HAL · Cited by 1,128
Synthesis of iron fertilization experiments: From the Iron Age in the Age of Enlightenment
de Baar, H. J. W., Boyd, P. W., Coale, K. H., Landry, M. R., Tsuda, A., Assmy, P., Bakker, D. C. E., Bozec, Y., Barber, R. T., Brzezinski, M. A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2004jc002601 · Cited by 947
Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean
Blain, S., Quéguiner, B., Armand, L., Belviso, S., Bombled, B., Bopp, L., Bowie, A., Brunet, C., Brussaard, C., Carlotti, F., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05700 · Cited by 795
Metadata
- Authors
- Wanninkhof, R., & McGillis, W. R.
- Affiliations
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories (US)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- Venue
- Geophysical Research Letters
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1889-1892
- ISSN
- 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2091945915
- Cited by
- 674
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geophysical Research Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Keywords
- air-sea CO2 flux, gas transfer velocity, wind speed dependence, surfactants, global carbon fluxes, ocean surface fluxes
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