Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean
Abstract
Relationships between wind speed and gas transfer, combined with knowledge of the partial pressure difference of CO 2 across the air‐sea interface are frequently used to determine the CO 2 flux between the ocean and the atmosphere. Little attention has been paid to the influence of variability in wind speed on the calculated gas transfer velocities and the possibility of chemical enhancement of CO 2 exchange at low wind speeds over the ocean. The effect of these parameters is illustrated using a quadratic dependence of gas exchange on wind speed which is fit through gas transfer velocities over the ocean determined by the natural‐ 14 C disequilibrium and the bomb‐ 14 C inventory methods. Some of the variability between different data sets can be accounted for by the suggested mechanisms, but much of the variation appears due to other causes. Possible causes for the large difference between two frequently used relationships between gas transfer and wind speed are discussed. To determine fluxes of gases other than CO 2 across the air‐water interface, the relevant expressions for gas transfer, and the temperature and salinity dependence of the Schmidt number and solubility of several gases of environmental interest are included in an appendix.
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If hydrocarbons originate from the sea, an exponential relationship between measured mixing ratios and wind speed can be expected due to the flux dependency on wind strength.
“If the hydrocarbons originate from the sea, then an exponential relationship between the measured mixing ratios and wind speed can be expected due to the flux dependency on wind strength27,28.”
From The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of atmospheric ethane and propane (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Wanninkhof, R.
- Corresponding author
- Wanninkhof, Rik
- ORCID
- Wanninkhof, Rik
- Venue
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 1992-05-15
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- C5
- Pages
- 7373-7382
- ISSN
- 0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094300388
- Cited by
- 4,737
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 174 · 2024: 216 · 2023: 208 · 2022: 222 · 2021: 265 · 2020: 192 · 2019: 177 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 194 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 227 · 2014: 166 · 2013: 210 · 2012: 148
- FWCI
- 37.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Keywords
- wind speed, gas transfer velocity, air-sea gas exchange, ocean CO2 flux, Schmidt number, gas solubility
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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