The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Combining remote sensing and ground census data to develop new maps of the distribution of rice agriculture in China
Open accessAbstract
Large‐scale assessments of the potential for food production and its impact on biogeochemical cycling require the best possible information on the distribution of cropland. This information can come from ground‐based agricultural census data sets and/or spaceborne remote sensing products, both with strengths and weaknesses. Official cropland statistics for China contain much information on the distribution of crop types, but are known to significantly underestimate total cropland areas and are generally at coarse spatial resolution. Remote sensing products can provide moderate to fine spatial resolution estimates of cropland location and extent, but supply little information on crop type or management. We combined county‐scale agricultural census statistics on total cropland area and sown area of 17 major crops in 1990 with a fine‐resolution land‐cover map derived from 1995–1996 optical remote sensing (Landsat) data to generate 0.5° resolution maps of the distribution of rice agriculture in mainland China. Agricultural census data were used to determine the fraction of crop area in each 0.5° grid cell that was in single rice and each of 10 different multicrop paddy rice rotations (e.g., winter wheat/rice), while the remote sensing land‐cover product was used to determine the spatial distribution and extent of total cropland in China. We estimate that there were 0.30 million km2 of paddy rice cropland; 75% of this paddy land was multicropped, and 56% had two rice plantings per year. Total sown area for paddy rice was 0.47 million km2. Paddy rice agriculture occurred on 23% of all cultivated land in China.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“On the other, however, single cropping dominates the U.S. crop systems, while multiple cropping has been significantly contributing to the overall harvest area and total annual crop production in China [56,57].”
From Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
HUMAN ALTERATION OF THE GLOBAL NITROGEN CYCLE: SOURCES AND CONSEQUENCES
Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson, P. A., Schindler, D. W., Schlesinger, W. H., & Tilman, D. G. (1997) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0737:haotgn]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 5,604
Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: the HYDE database
Goldewijk, K. K. (2001) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/1999gb001232 · Cited by 984
Bureau, C. S. S. (1985) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 736
Crop Rotation and Tillage Effects on Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen
Havlin, J. L., Kissel, D. E., Maddux, L. D., Claassen, M. M., & Long, J. H. (1990) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400020026x · Cited by 652
Biomass burning and global change
Levine, J. S., Cofer, W. R., Cahoon, D. R., Winsted, E. L., & Stocks, B. J. (1992) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.43899 · Cited by 645
Technical Report: Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Sources and Consequences
Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson, P. A., Schindler, D. W., Schlesinger, W. H., & Tilman, D. G. (1997) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.2307/2269431 · Cited by 569
Modeling carbon biogeochemistry in agricultural soils
Li, C., Frolking, S., & Harriss, R. C. (1994) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/94gb00767 · Cited by 486
Characterizing patterns of global land use: An analysis of global croplands data
Ramankutty, N., & Foley, J. A. (1998) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/98gb02512 · Cited by 402
Soil management and greenhouse effect
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2731 · Cited by 401
Xiao, X., Boles, S. H., Frolking, S., Salas, W., Moore, B., Li, C., Li, H., & Zhao, R. (2002) · International Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/01431160110107734 · Cited by 388
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Crook F., 1993, in China International Agricultural and Trade Report, 33
- Editorial Committee, 1991, Hubei Province Agricultural Statistical Yearbook – 1991(in Chinese)
- Fu L. Q., 1993, in Remote Sensing Technique for Wheat, Maize, and Rice Yield Estimation, 8
- Lal R., 1995, in Soil Management and the Greenhouse Effect, 41
- Liu J., 1996, Macro‐Scale Survey and Dynamic Study of Natural Resources and Environment of China by Remote Sensing (in Chinese)
- 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01797.x-i1 · DOI
- Prather M., 1995, in Climate Change 1994, 77
- Tang X. Studies on geo‐spatial data fusion and its applications Ph.D. dissertation Institute of Remote Sensing Applications (in Chinese) 139 pp. Chin. Acad. of Sci. Beijing 2000.
- Wu C. (Editor in Chief) Land‐Use Map of China(1:1 000 000 scale) Science Press Beijing (In Chinese) 1990.
- Xi C., 1998, Soil of China (in Chinese)
- Yuyun B. I., 2000, Actual changes of cultivated area since the founding of the new China (in Chinese), Resour. Sci., 22, 8
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–348 of 348
Zhang, W., Fu, Z., Zhao, X., Guo, H., Yan, L., Zhou, M., Zhang, L., Ye, Y., Liu, W., Xu, Y., et al. (2024) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy14040803 · Cited by 4
Agricultural Evolution: Process, Pattern and Water Resource Effect
Yan, F., Jia, N., & Su, F. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10155065 · Cited by 4
Vis/NIR Chemical Imaging Technique for Predicting Sodium Humate Contents in Aquaculture Environment
Qu, J.-H., Sun, D., & Pu, H. (2017) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-017-3355-z · Cited by 4
GEOTECNOLOGIAS NA ESTIMATIVA DA ÁREA PLANTADA COM ARROZ IRRIGADO
D’Arco, E., Alvarenga, B. S., Rizzi, R., Rudorff, B. F. T., Moreira, M. A., & Adami, M. (2009) · Revista Brasileira de Cartografia · doi:10.14393/rbcv58n3-44910 · Cited by 4
How Has Climate Change Driven the Evolution of Rice Distribution in China?
Wang, G., Huang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhao, S., & Han, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316297 · Cited by 3
Yao, J., Duan, Z., Kong, X., Lal, R., Hu, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., & Chu, Q. (2018) · Journal of Land Use Science · doi:10.1080/1747423x.2018.1499828 · Cited by 3
Fan, D., Fan, Y., Tian, Z., Li, X., Jiang, M., Sun, L., Zhong, H., Wang, K., Wang, X., & Jiang, L. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1e3e · Cited by 3
Assessing Damage of Natural Disasters from Satellite Imagery Using a Deep Learning Model
Tikle, S., Jidesh, P., & B., S. A. (2023) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8865-3_46 · Cited by 3
Huang, C.-L., Hou, J., Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Guo, J.-F. (2023) · International Journal of Digital Earth · doi:10.1080/17538947.2023.2273342 · Cited by 2
Gao, G., Chen, Z., Wei, Y., Zhu, X., & Yu, X. (2025) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs17111923 · Cited by 2
Mutlu Ozdogan, A., Wang, S., Ghose, D., Fraga, E. P., Fernandes, A., & Varela, G. J. (2025) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs17173065 · Cited by 2
Wei, Z., Long, J., Shen, S., Zheng, H., Li, X., & Xu, H. (2025) · International Journal of Plant Production · doi:10.1007/s42106-025-00378-8 · Cited by 2
Li, X., Wei, C.-J., Xie, H., Luan, H., Wang, J.-Y., Gao, Y.-B., Zhao, Y., Wang, W., Li, Y.-F., & Mao, X.-F. (2026) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.148847 · Cited by 2
A dataset of winter crop distribution maps in Henan Province from 2019 to 2021
Ma, X., ZHANG, X., Qiao, L., ZHENG, Z., Li, P. A. N., Jie, P. E. N. G., Hanlu, Y. A. N. G., & Haoming, X. I. A. (2022) · China Scientific Data · doi:10.11922/11-6035.csd.2022.0050.zh · Cited by 2
Oboh, I. O., Ihom, A. P., & Markson, I. (2023) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.56201/ijemt.v9.no1.2023.pg83.99 · Cited by 2
Hamoud, Y. A., Guo, X., Wang, Z., Chen, S., & Rasool, G. (2018) · International journal of agricultural and biological engineering · doi:10.25165/j.ijabe.20181103.3895 · Cited by 2
Nie, J., Yang, Y., Wang, B., Liu, Z., & Zhu, B. (2021) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil & Plant Science · doi:10.1080/09064710.2021.1928741 · Cited by 2
Wang, S., Huang, C., Huang, L., Xu, X., Shi, H., Gu, Q., Xue, Q., Liu, S., & Zhang, C. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2025.104739 · Cited by 1
HUANG, X., Wang, H., Zheng, Y., Liao, P., Wang, W., Jiang, M., Xinping, 沈. S., & Huang, L. (2025) · Crop and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.crope.2025.100117 · Cited by 1
A new method of spatialization of crop area statistical data supported by remote sensing technology
Ren, J., Liu, X., Chen, Z., & Tang, H. (2012) · International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics · doi:10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2012.6311722 · Cited by 1
The influence of rice-duck farm soil on the nitrogen content of different varieties of japonica rice
Ebissa, T. M., Yang, B., Vindušková, O., Gao, Y. F., Gong, Q., & Zheng, X. (2022) · EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES · doi:10.14712/23361964.2022.5 · Cited by 1
Zhao, J., Sun, X., Wang, M., Li, G., & Hou, X. (2024) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-024-12971-x · Cited by 1
Yahui, Z., Hongxun, Z., Xiaoke, W., & Li, C. (2004) · Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment · doi:10.1080/10042857.2004.10677370 · Cited by 1
Research on Estimation of Paddy Field Area Index Based on UAV Remote Sensing Images
Xiu-li, L., Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., & Sharma, A. (2021) · Informatica · doi:10.31449/inf.v45i5.3558 · Cited by 1
Antimony Release and Volatilization from Rice Paddy Soils: Field and Microcosm StudyPreprint
Caplette, J. N., Gfeller, L., Lei, D., Liao, J., Xia, J., Zhang, H., Feng, X., & Mestrot, A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4091489 · Cited by 1
How many people can China feed? : assessing the impact of land and water constraints
Watson, A. B. (2004) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Li, C., Frolking, S., Xiao, X., Salas, W. A., Moore, B., Boles, S. H., Qui, J., Huang, Y., & Sass, R. L. (2004) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Subtropical Agricultural Field
Liu, H. (2013) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.641-642.197
Estimating the difference of means with imputation of the missing observations
Bouza, C. N., & Melgar, D. C. (2009)
Han, C., Yu, C., Li, C., Li, X., Zhang, J., & Wang, W. (2016) · Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies · doi:10.18178/joaat.3.1.42-48
Hagen, S. C. (2006) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)
Wang, G., Xue, B., Yu, J., & Otsuki, K. (2011) · Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University · doi:10.5109/19543
Wang, H., Yao, L., Zhang, Q., Liu, H., Luo, F., & Lin, C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1884007/v1
(2023) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2023-125-rc1
(2023) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2023-125-rc2
Ijaz, H. M. (2023) · Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology · doi:10.54692/lgurjcsit.2023.0701348
(2023) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2023-125-rc3
Response letter to reviewers on essd-2023-125
Li, H. (2023) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2023-125-ac1
Advances in Research on Control Methods of Rice Blast
邓, 欢. (2023) · Bioprocess · doi:10.12677/bp.2023.134024
Li, H. (2024) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2023-125-ac2
Analyzing Rice land changes using Remote sensing and GIS in Ben Tre province, Viet nam
Yen, N. H., & Ngoc, L. L. (2024) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1345/1/012027
RiceExtent v1.0: a global rice-specific land cover product from multi-source data integration
Patel, A., Bawa, A., Park, S., Chawanda, C. J., Jun, S.-M., Choi, S.-K., Himanshu, S. K., Srinivasan, R., & Jeong, J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-70276-0
Multi-year paddy planting acreage estimation based on SAR and MODIS satellite data
Meshram, P., Rawat, K. S., & Singh, S. K. (2025) · Turkish Journal of Remote Sensing · doi:10.51489/tuzal.1704187
Anand, B., Rekha, R. S., Prabakaran, M. V., Varshini, R. A., Kavya, M., Reshma, B., & Ramaswamy, K. (2026) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98095-4_2
Oda, H., Hashimoto, N., Maki, M., Homma, K., Srisutham, M., Sritumboon, S., & Yoshida, K. (2026) · Paddy and Water Environment · doi:10.1007/s10333-026-01099-y
Zou, J., Huang, Y., & Lu, Y. (2009) · Environmental science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88246-6_9
Metadata
- Authors
- Frolking, S., Qiu, J., Boles, S., Xiao, X., Liu, J., Zhuang, Y., Li, C., & Qin, X.
- Affiliations
- University of New Hampshire (US)
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Venue
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2002-11-19
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9224
- OpenAlex
- W1891144596
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
- University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Remote Sensing in Agriculture
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Remote Sensing and Land Use
- Keywords
- rice cultivation, paddy rice, cropland distribution, agricultural census data, Landsat, crop rotation, multiple cropping, sown area, food production potential, China
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
