Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model

Moore, J. Keith; Doney, Scott C.; Lindsay, Keith

doi:10.1029/2004gb002220

Cited by 889Marine and coastal ecosystemsOceanographic and Atmospheric ProcessesAquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics

Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model

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Moore, J. Keith, Doney, Scott C., Lindsay, Keith·2004·Global Biogeochemical Cycles

DOI 10.1029/2004gb002220

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Abstract

A global three‐dimensional marine ecosystem model with several key phytoplankton functional groups, multiple limiting nutrients, explicit iron cycling, and a mineral ballast/organic matter parameterization is run within a global ocean circulation model. The coupled biogeochemistry/ecosystem/circulation (BEC) model reproduces known basin‐scale patterns of primary and export production, biogenic silica production, calcification, chlorophyll, macronutrient and dissolved iron concentrations. The model captures observed high nitrate, low chlorophyll (HNLC) conditions in the Southern Ocean, subarctic and equatorial Pacific. Spatial distributions of nitrogen fixation are in general agreement with field data, with total N‐fixation of 55 Tg N. Diazotrophs directly account for a small fraction of primary production (0.5%) but indirectly support 10% of primary production and 8% of sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) export. Diatoms disproportionately contribute to export of POC out of surface waters, but CaCO 3 from the coccolithophores is the key driver of POC flux to the deep ocean in the model. An iron source from shallow ocean sediments is found critical in preventing iron limitation in shelf regions, most notably in the Arctic Ocean, but has a relatively localized impact. In contrast, global‐scale primary production, export production, and nitrogen fixation are all sensitive to variations in atmospheric mineral dust inputs. The residence time for dissolved iron in the upper ocean is estimated to be a few years to a decade. Most of the iron utilized by phytoplankton is from subsurface sources supplied by mixing, entrainment, and ocean circulation. However, owing to the short residence time of iron in the upper ocean, this subsurface iron pool is critically dependent on continual replenishment from atmospheric dust deposition and, to a lesser extent, lateral transport from shelf regions.

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Authors: Moore, J. K., Doney, S. C., & Lindsay, K.
Affiliations: University of California, Irvine (US)
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
Venue: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2004-12
Volume: 18
Issue: 4
ISSN: 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
1944-9224
DOI: 10.1029/2004gb002220
OpenAlex: W2148343249
Semantic Scholar: 2e684eb0d11254cd305709493e75dccabef3588e
Cited by: 889
References: 108
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 18.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
escholarship.org
Licence: cc-by
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 13 d)
Locations: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
Open Access Server of the Woods Hole Scientific Community (Woods Hole Scientific Community) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Science Foundation
National Center for Atmospheric Research
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Goddard Space Flight Center
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
Keywords: iron cycling, phytoplankton functional groups, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, particulate organic carbon export, biogenic silica, coccolithophores, calcification, iron limitation, continental shelf sediments, Southern Ocean, Arctic Ocean, primary production

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Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model

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