The DOI matches its Crossref record.
On smoothing potentially non‐stationary climate time series
Abstract
A simple approach to the smoothing of a potentially non‐stationary time series is presented which provides an optimal choice among three alternative, readily motivated and easily implemented boundary constraints. This method is applied to the smoothing of the instrumental Northern Hemisphere (NH) annual mean and cold‐season North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) time series, yielding an objective estimate of the smoothed decadal‐scale variations in these series including long‐term trends.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Trends in Snowfall versus Rainfall in the Western United States
Knowles, N., Dettinger, M. D., & Cayan, D. R. (2006) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli3850.1 · Cited by 934
Meinshausen, M., Raper, S. C. B., & Wigley, T. M. L. (2011) · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.5194/acp-11-1417-2011 · Cited by 876
Modelling Palaeoecological Time Series Using Generalised Additive Models
Simpson, G. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00149 · Cited by 560
Nonlinear trends and multiyear cycles in sea level records
Jevrejeva, S., Grinsted, A., Moore, J. C., & Holgate, S. (2006) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/2005jc003229 · Cited by 373
Sahel rainfall and decadal to multi-decadal sea surface temperature variability
Mohino, E., Janicot, S., & Bader, J. (2011) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0867-2 · Cited by 306
Metadata
- Authors
- Mann, M. E.
- Venue
- Geophysical Research Letters
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2004-04-15
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 7
- ISSN
- 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8007
- OpenAlex
- W2160336235
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 7.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: On smoothing potentially non‐stationary climate time series. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1029/2004gl019569
- The paper
- Mann, M. E. (2004). On smoothing potentially non‐stationary climate time series. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019569
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.