The DOI matches its Crossref record; 227 of the 227 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 132 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth
Open accessAbstract
The existence of stabilizing feedbacks within Earth's climate system is generally thought to be necessary for the persistence of liquid water and life. Over the course of Earth's history, Earth's atmospheric composition appears to have adjusted to the gradual increase in solar luminosity, resulting in persistently habitable surface temperatures. With limited exceptions, the Earth system has been observed to recover rapidly from pulsed climatic perturbations. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) regulation via negative feedbacks within the coupled global carbon‐silica cycles are classically viewed as the main processes giving rise to climate stability on Earth. Here we review the long‐term global carbon cycle budget, and how the processes modulating Earth's climate system have evolved over time. Specifically, we focus on the relative roles that shifts in carbon sources and sinks have played in driving long‐term changes in atmospheric pCO 2. We make the case that marine processes are an important component of the canonical silicate weathering feedback, and have played a much more important role in p CO 2 regulation than traditionally imagined. Notably, geochemical evidence indicate that the weathering of marine sediments and off‐axis basalt alteration act as major carbon sinks. However, this sink was potentially dampened during Earth's early history when oceans had higher levels of dissolved silicon (Si), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg), and instead likely fostered more extensive carbon recycling within the ocean‐atmosphere system via reverse weathering—that in turn acted to elevate ocean‐atmosphere CO 2 levels.
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84 Not checked yet · 54 Own interpretation · 44 No basis given · 4 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Silicate weathering rates decrease as a soil horizon matures given that primary phases become more depleted (Fig. 9).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.3 Terrestrial Sources of Acid for Weathering
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Unfortunately, flux estimates from these approaches are typically significantly different (see discussion in Zhang and Planavsky, 2019)”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang and Planavsky, 2019
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The sedimentary record of zircon production was assessed in sediments ranging from the Cryogenian to the present (i.e., the past ~720 million years of Earth history) and demonstrated a correlation with icehousegreenhouse transitions.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McKenzie et al., 2016
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The model outputs indicate that at pCO 2 levels of 280 ppm, 10m yr -1 of rainfall is required to neutralize volcanic CO 2 if here was no soil respiration.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > HCO3 -Sinks
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Rainwater is quantitatively neutralized by weathering in the water-rock mass balance model.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All infiltrating carbon dioxide is neutralized in the water-rock mass balance model.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is roughly an order of magnitude higher than modern average annual rainfall estimates.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > HCO3 -Sinks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Rainwater is quantitatively neutralized by weathering in the water-rock mass balance model.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All infiltrating carbon dioxide is neutralized in the water-rock mass balance model.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining 7 Tmol yr -1 of CO 2 can be accounted for by acid generation in terrestrial porewaters through soil respiration.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > HCO3 -Sinks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Rainwater is quantitatively neutralized by weathering in the water-rock mass balance model.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All infiltrating carbon dioxide is neutralized in the water-rock mass balance model.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To achieve an annual rainfall estimate of ~1 m yr -1 , this requires that rain supplies only 3 Tmol yr -1 of CO 2 for silicate weathering (right panel).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > HCO3 -Sinks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Rainwater is quantitatively neutralized by weathering in the water-rock mass balance model.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All infiltrating carbon dioxide is neutralized in the water-rock mass balance model.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, at high pCO 2 conditions the amount of rainfall needed to deliver enough CO 2 to the critical zone to ensure a balanced carbon cycle (silicate weathering equal to CO 2 outgassing) is significantly less (left panels).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > HCO3 -Sinks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Rainwater is quantitatively neutralized by weathering in the water-rock mass balance model.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All infiltrating carbon dioxide is neutralized in the water-rock mass balance model.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This simple model indicates that rainfall is not the dominant source of CO 2 for weathering today (red circle does not sit on the red line).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > HCO3 -Sinks
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Rainwater is quantitatively neutralized by weathering in the water-rock mass balance model.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All infiltrating carbon dioxide is neutralized in the water-rock mass balance model.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through the same Urey reaction pathway invoked for continental silicate weathering (equation 1), the generation of alkalinity and cations during the weathering of marine sediment plays a potentially large role in global carbon sequestration when coupled to carbonate formation.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.5 Weathering of Marine Sediments
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, however, there is no evidence for a step increase in surface temperatures associated with the emergence of deep-sea carbon burial; although the Cretaceous is an anomalously warm period, the Cenozoic is an anomalously cool period.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under these conditions, rainfall becomes the dominant source of CO 2 , and changes in soil respiration will play a smaller role.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > HCO3 -Sinks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Rainwater is quantitatively neutralized by weathering in the water-rock mass balance model.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All infiltrating carbon dioxide is neutralized in the water-rock mass balance model.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity, several studies argued that SGD-derived fluxes exceed regional river input and in some cases are one order of magnitude larger (Liu et al., 2014;Stewart et al., 2015).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Stewart et al., 2015
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In terms of element fluxes, it is reported by Cho et al. (2018) that dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon derived from SGD are comparable with the river fluxes to the global ocean.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“First, the earlier evolving bryophytes (liverworts; in the Ordovician) (Quirk et al., 2015) have also been shown to accelerate weathering rates, and direct comparison of these with the effect of vascular plants (with more deeply penetrating roots) has proven challenging.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.3 Terrestrial Sources of Acid for Weathering
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Quirk et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it has been proposed that roughly a third of this alkalinity is precipitated in marine sediments as authigenic carbonate, and the rest fluxed into overlying seawater (Wallmann and Aloisi, 2012;Wallmann et al., 2008).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.5 Weathering of Marine Sediments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wallmann and Aloisi, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Wallmann et al., 2008
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All CO2 produced by methanogenesis in marine sediments is neutralized by silicate mineral dissolution.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The installation of seepage meters lacks global coverage, and up-scaling of seepage measurement remains a challenge.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, silicate weathering rates have been observed to evolve with depth into the sediment pile and laterally between depositional environments.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.5 Weathering of Marine Sediments
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Groundwater contains, on average, significantly higher bicarbonate concentrations than overlying surface waters, indicating that weathering occurs not only in soil horizons but also deeper within the crust (Zhang and Planavsky, in press).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang and Planavsky, in press
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is perhaps unsurprising as seawater and porewaters are generally undersaturated with respect to primary silicate minerals, and thus their dissolution plays a role in buffering pore fluid pH and chemistry.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.5 Weathering of Marine Sediments
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Combining global observations of 228 Ra and an inverse model, (Kwon et al., 2014) argued that the SGD along the coastlines between 60°S and 70°N is around 3 times greater than the river discharge.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kwon et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the availability of primary silicate minerals and porewater chemistry ultimately determine the rate of silicate dissolution.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.5 Weathering of Marine Sediments
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using 228 Ra as a tracer, (Moore et al., 2008) concluded that the magnitude of SGD in coastal region of the Atlantic Ocean is comparable to the corresponding river flux.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moore et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Iron oxidation likely accounts for a smaller portion of the acid that facilitates weathering, although this flux is poorly constrained.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.3 Terrestrial Sources of Acid for Weathering
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The uppermost layer of this crust is made up of high-porosity and permeability lavas through which seawater continually circulates.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.6 Weathering of Oceanic Crust
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Critically, porewater chemistry evolves with depth, most notably between redox zones tied to the oxidation of organic matter, and has the potential to alter the saturation state (and thus dissolution rate) of silicate phases.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.5 Weathering of Marine Sediments
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The emerging perspective from recent studies is that silicate mineral dissolution within marine environments contributes to global alkalinity and thus carbon sequestration, suggesting that the terrestrial to marine transition is better viewed as a continuum rather than two distinct environments.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.5 Weathering of Marine Sediments
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This estimate highlights foremost that large uncertainties exist for estimating fresh SGD and the extent of groundwater mediated silicate weathering.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After correcting the salinity effect, (Cho and Kim, 2016) stated that instead of 3 to 4 times, global SGD is approximately 1-1.5 times the river discharge.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho and Kim, 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oceanic crust that is continually accreted along the global mid-ocean ridge network covers more than half of Earth's surface.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.6 Weathering of Oceanic Crust
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) derived from the oxidation of pyrite: FeS 2 + 3.75 O 2 + 3.5 H 2 O ↔ 2 H 2 SO 4 + Fe(OH) 3 (4) also accounts for a portion of the acid that facilitates weathering in the terrestrial environment (~ 5% of silicate dissolution and 10% of carbonate dissolution) (Brantley, 2008;Torres et al., 2014).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.3 Terrestrial Sources of Acid for Weathering
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brantley, 2008 source
- Not checked yetcites Torres et al., 2014
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Consequently, fresh SGD might be significantly less than river discharge (Taniguchi, 2002), and the element flux (including dissolved carbon) derived from fresh SGD might be diminished.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.4 Groundwater Alkalinity Fluxes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taniguchi, 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Staudigel et al. (1989) presented the first detailed study of C-uptake during seafloor weathering focusing on three closely spaced drill cores from the western Atlantic showing that the lavas in these holes had taken up substantial seawater C in the lava section (~2.9 wt% CO 2 , equivalent to ~2.9x10 12 mol yr -1 if these were globally representative).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.6 Weathering of Oceanic Crust
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Staudigel et al., 1989
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, O-isotope thermometry shows that both the minimum and average temperature of precipitation of carbonate in the upper oceanic crust track bottom water temperature, being higher in the late Mesozoic than late Cenozoic (Coogan and Gillis, 2018;Gillis and Coogan, 2011).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.6 Weathering of Oceanic Crust
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coogan and Gillis, 2018
- Not checked yetcites Gillis and Coogan, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, observations from a larger number of ocean crust drill cores have now shown that the total CO 2 uptake by the lava section of the oceanic crust through time is variable and was significantly higher for crust formed in the late Mesozoic than late Cenozoic (Alt and Teagle, 1999;Gillis and Coogan, 2011).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.6 Weathering of Oceanic Crust
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Alt and Teagle, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Gillis and Coogan, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Zircon is an accessory mineral commonly produced in silicic magmas (e.g., Lee and Bachmann, 2014), which are produced in large volumes along continental arc systems.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lee and Bachmann, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For reference, the total amount of new Si introduced into the ocean system is estimated at ~10.9 Tmol yr -1 (Tréguer and De La Rocha, 2013).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.3 Internal Carbon Recycling (Reverse Weathering)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tréguer and De La Rocha, 2013
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are likely unidirectional changes in the history of outgassing, tied to Earth's long-term thermal and tectonic evolution and, superimposed on this shorter-term cyclic changes on the order of several million years linked to tectonic processes.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“But this rapid spreading rate model clashes strongly with empirical observations and first principle geophysical modeling, which provide strong evidence that the early Earth was instead characterized by slow rates of ocean ridge spreading (Korenaga, 2018).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Korenaga, 2018
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus all else being equal, the chemistry of the upper portion of an anoxic marine sediment pile above the sulfate-methane transition zone would be expected to produce conditions that favor reverse weathering type reactions (increase saturation state of silicate minerals), and favor marine weathering below it (Section 3.2.5).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.3 Internal Carbon Recycling (Reverse Weathering)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alk:Si ratios of standard clay compositions (note that many have flexible stoichiometries) span a large range between kaolinite and up to 4.0.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.3 Internal Carbon Recycling (Reverse Weathering)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sediment collected in close proximity to the arc will generally be dominated by relatively young arc-derived zircons, whereas zircon collected further away from the arc will likely contain mixed zircons from older bedrock sources and with the abundance of the young grains being reduced (Blum and Pecha, 2014;Capaldi et al., 2017).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blum and Pecha, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Capaldi et al., 2017
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the oxidation of organic matter tied to aerobic respiration and methanogenesis generates acidity while iron and sulfate reduction consumes acidity.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.3 Internal Carbon Recycling (Reverse Weathering)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The formation of kaolinite, for instance, does not consume soluble cations and thus alkalinity, and so has no impact on the global carbon cycle.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.3 Internal Carbon Recycling (Reverse Weathering)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, most upper oceanic crust carbonate is precipitated within the first 20 Myr after crustal accretion (Coogan and Dosso, 2015;Coogan et al., 2016;Staudigel and Hart, 1985), suggesting that this difference in CO 2 content reflects something intrinsically different about the system between these times-the most likely candidates being differences in ocean temperature and composition.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.6 Weathering of Oceanic Crust
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coogan and Dosso, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Coogan et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Staudigel and Hart, 1985
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is why a sandstone may contain a wide variety of zircons with crystallization ages billions of years older than the depositional age of the rock-even modern river sands can yield Archean aged zircon (Campbell and Allen, 2008).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Campbell and Allen, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The marine environment has changed dramatically with the advent of a deep sea carbon burial in the Mesozoic (Ridgwell, 2005), and this shift in the carbonate factory could have changed CO 2 outgassing.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ridgwell, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mafic rocks can certainly contain zircons; however, they are far less abundant than in the higher silicic content rocks.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, sepiolite has an Alk:Si= 1.33, greenalite = 3.0, berthierine = 4.0.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.3 Internal Carbon Recycling (Reverse Weathering)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A significant temperature dependence of seafloor basalt alteration was proposed by Brady and Gíslason (1997) based on basalt-seawater experiments and is supported by modeling Sr-isotope systematics in these systems (Coogan and Dosso, 2015) and by global C-cycle models (Krissansen-Totton and Catling, 2017).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.6 Weathering of Oceanic Crust
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brady and Gíslason, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Coogan and Dosso, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Krissansen-Totton and Catling, 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the temperature of seawater-basalt reactions in the upper oceanic crust increases leading to elevated CO 2 consumption (alkalinity generation) and a stabilizing feedback on the C-cycle.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.2.6 Weathering of Oceanic Crust
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amount of kinetic data for conditions relevant to basalt alteration and marine porewaters is well short of that for terrestrial soils.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 5. Future Directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sulfide and ferrous iron oxidation produce acidity while ferric iron and sulfate reduction produce alkalinity-potentially altering the ocean-atmosphere carbonic acid system balance and thus the ocean's capacity to hold inorganic carbon.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.2. Links Between the Oxygen, Iron, Sulfur, and Carbon Cycles
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent studies have utilized global detrital zircon U-Pb data to track the spatial distribution of arc systems at various time scales (McKenzie et al., 2016;McKenzie et al., 2014).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McKenzie et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites McKenzie et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This should not be a surprise since diffuse fluxes are of course more difficult to constrain than point sources.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 5. Future Directions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Marine authigenic clay mineral assemblages are likely to have evolved through time.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.3 Reverse Weathering Through Time
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Bachan and Kump (2015) proposed that this process was likely important during the Archean-Paleoproterozoic transition, which saw Earth's first notable rise in atmospheric oxygen levels.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.2. Links Between the Oxygen, Iron, Sulfur, and Carbon Cycles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bachan and Kump (2015)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In this view, enhanced carbon recycling during this time could have sustained a significantly elevated pCO 2 baseline, providing a solution to the faint young Sun paradox that does not necessitate invoking a significant reduction to the weatherability of Earth's surface.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.3 Reverse Weathering Through Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isson and Planavsky, 2018
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extensive continental arc systems existed throughout the Ediacaran and early Paleozoic to form Gondwana, during the mid-Paleozoic to form Pangea, and the Mesozoic to early Cenozoic following the breakup of Pangea.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 'habitable zone' for exoplanets-where liquid water can exist-is typically delineated by assuming the maximum greenhouse gas capacity of a planet (Kasting et al., 1993).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 5. Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kasting et al., 1993
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this view, enhanced carbon recycling during this time could have sustained a significantly elevated pCO 2 baseline, providing a solution to the faint young Sun paradox that does not necessitate invoking a significant reduction to the weatherability of Earth's surface.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.3 Reverse Weathering Through Time
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We make a case that marine processes (marine weathering and reverse weathering) are likely more important controls on long-term climate than traditionally envisioned (e.g., in contrast to Berner, 2004).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 5. Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berner, 2004
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there are major uncertainties in the processes controlling terrestrial silicate weathering rates and in the balance between terrestrial and marine silicate weathering.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 6. Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While authigenic clays have long been recognized to make up a significant portion of the mineralogical and textural makeup of marine sediments (e.g., Hazen et al., 2013), a wide variety of species have been reported”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.3 Reverse Weathering Through Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hazen et al., 2013
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These intervals correspond with greenhouse climates, whereas the final collisions that formed Gondwana, Pangea, and the closure of the Tethys ocean (Cawood and Buchan, 2007;Lee et al., 2013) all correspond with icehouses (McKenzie et al., 2016;McKenzie et al., 2014).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cawood and Buchan, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Lee et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites McKenzie et al., 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In particular, it was recently proposed that reverse weathering rates were likely elevated in early Precambrian oceans, directly linked to the higher dissolved Si, Fe and Mg levels that are traditionally viewed to be characteristic features of this time period (Isson and Planavsky, 2018).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.3 Reverse Weathering Through Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isson and Planavsky, 2018
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, as plates break up and migrate around, volcanic arc systems will be more prevalent, whereas the collision of continental blocks shuts down and reduces arc systems.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although there is strong evidence that the crust contained abundant Fe carbonates in the Archean-there is also abundant evidence for the deposition of Fe silicates (e.g., Johnson et al., 2018;Rasmussen et al., 2017) and Fe oxides (e.g., Bekker et al., 2014).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.2. Links Between the Oxygen, Iron, Sulfur, and Carbon Cycles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites Rasmussen et al., 2017
- Not checked yetcites Bekker et al., 2014
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This suggests a causative link between arc activity and climate transitions-when volcanism was reduced Earth moved into an icehouse state, whereas when volcanic arcs expanded, Earth moved into a greenhouse climate (McKenzie et al., 2016).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McKenzie et al., 2016
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bachan and Kump (2015) proposed that this process was likely important during the Archean-Paleoproterozoic transition, which saw Earth's first notable rise in atmospheric oxygen levels.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.2. Links Between the Oxygen, Iron, Sulfur, and Carbon Cycles
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, a well-grounded general theory of carbon cycling on terrestrial planets is essential to predict how likely a planet within the habitable zone will sustain the evolution and persistence of life.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 5. Future Directions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sulfide and ferrous iron oxidation produce acidity while ferric iron and sulfate reduction produce alkalinity-potentially altering the ocean-atmosphere carbonic acid system balance and thus the ocean's capacity to hold inorganic carbon.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.2. Links Between the Oxygen, Iron, Sulfur, and Carbon Cycles
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subsequent radiation of siliceous organisms (sponges, radiolarians, and most recently diatoms) through the Phanerozoic forced a drop in dissolved marine Si levels, and thus the extent of reverse weathering and baseline pCO 2 levels.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.3 Reverse Weathering Through Time
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continental break-up requires the establishment of rift systems and the opening of new ocean basins, which also requires the establishment of subduction zones to accommodate oceanic spreading.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 4.1 Controls on Degassing and its Evolution
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This debate is often distilled down into arguments about whether the sources or sinks of carbon sources have driven climate shifts.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 6. Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Higher dissolved silica and iron levels that are hallmark features of the Precambrian ocean gave rise to conditions that favored enhanced rates of reverse weathering, and dampened marine weathering rates (Isson and Planavsky, 2018).”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > HCO3 -Sinks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Isson and Planavsky, 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This drop in dissolved marine Si concentrations would have decreased the saturation state of clay minerals-leading to less reverse weathering and more marine weathering.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 6. Summary
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that there is still debate about the modern carbon cycle mass balance, it is unsurprising that there is not a clear consensus about the factors that have driven long term shifts in Earth's climate.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 6. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reverse weathering, the rates of which are pH dependent, also stabilizes the climate system.”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 6. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
All CO2 produced by methanogenesis in marine sediments is neutralized by silicate mineral dissolution.
“and the assumption that all this CO 2 is neutralized through silicate mineral dissolution in marine sediments (Wallmann et al., 2008)”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Careful assessment of detrital zircon age data can provide first-order insights into global continental magmatism and CO2 outgassing through time.
“it is reasonable to assume that careful assessment of detrital zircon age-data may provide first order insights into global continental magmatism and CO 2 outgassing through time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The oceans remained anoxic through most of the Precambrian and possibly into the early Phanerozoic.
“Further, the oceans appear to have remained anoxic through most of the Precambrian and potentially even in the early Phanerozoic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Archean continental crust contained abundant iron carbonates.
“Although there is strong evidence that the crust contained abundant Fe carbonates in the Archean-there is also abundant evidence for the deposition of Fe silicates (e.g., Johnson et al., 2018;Rasmussen et al., 2017) and Fe oxides (e.g., Bekker et al., 2014).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Rainwater is quantitatively neutralized by weathering in the water-rock mass balance model.
“This model assumes quantitative neutralization of rainwater through weathering.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All infiltrating carbon dioxide is neutralized in the water-rock mass balance model.
“New CO 2 input into the system is set at 10 Tmol yr -1 and all infiltrating CO 2 is assumed to be neutralized.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > 3.1.1 Modern Degassing Estimates
“Arc volcanic degassing estimates range from ~1.5 to ~3.2 Tmol CO 2 yr -1”
§ Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Regulation on Earth > CO2 Sources
“Arc Volcanism 1.5 -3.5 (Dasgupta and Hirschmann, 2010;Hilton et al., 2002;Marty and Tolstikhin, 1998)”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Isson, T. T., Planavsky, N. J., Coogan, L. A., Stewart, E. M., Ague, J. J., Bolton, E. W., Zhang, S., McKenzie, N. R., & Kump, L. R.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Isson, T. T.
- Planavsky, N. J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2020-01-31
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9224
- OpenAlex
- W2998006343
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 227
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 11.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (EAR‐1650329)
- Heising-Simons Foundation
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Keywords
- carbon cycle, climate regulation, atmospheric pCO2, silicate weathering, basalt alteration, reverse weathering, carbon sink, carbon source, climate stability, early Earth, air-sea CO2 flux, dissolved silica, Earth system evolution
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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