The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years
Open accessAbstract
A computer model has been constructed that considers the effects on the CO/sub 2/ level of the atmosphere, and the Ca, Mg, and HCO/sub 3/ levels of the ocean, of the following processes: weathering on the continents of calcite, dolomite, and calcium-and-magnesium-containing silicates; biogenic precipitation and removal of CaCO/sub 3/ from the ocean; removal of Mg from the ocean via volcanic-seawater reaction; and the metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation of calcite and dolomite (and resulting CO/sub 2/ degassing) as a consequence of plate subduction. Assuming steady state, values for fluxes to and from the atmosphere and oceans are first derived for the modern ocean-atmosphere system. Then the consequences of perturbing steady state are examined by deriving rate expressions for all transfer reactions. These rate expressions are constructed so as to reflect changes over the past 100 my. Results indicate that the CO/sub 2/ content of the atmosphere is highly sensitive to changes in seafloor spreading rate and continental land area, and, to a much lesser extent, to changes in the relative masses of calcite and dolomite. Consideration of a number of alternative seafloor spreading rate formulations shows that in all cases a several-fold higher CO/sub 2/ level for the Cretaceous atmosphere (65-100 mymore » BP) is obtained via the model. Assuming that CO/sub 2/ level and surface air temperature are positively correlated via an atmospheric greenhouse model, they authors predict Cretaceous paleotemperatures which are in rough general agreement with independent published data. Consequently, their results point to plate tectonics, as it affects both metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation and changes in continental land area, as a major control of world climate.« less
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Precipitation of carbonate minerals as a consequence of silicate weathering contributes to stabilization of atmospheric CO2 over geological time periods and to formation of pedogenic carbonates in natural and artificial soils over shorter time scales.
“The precipitation of carbonate minerals as a consequence of silicate weathering contributes to the stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 over geological time periods 4,7 and also contributes to the formation of pedogenic carbonates in both natural 8 and artificial soils 9 over much shorter time scales.”
From Rapid Removal of Atmospheric CO2 by Urban Soils (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
If the Ca or Mg in carbonate is derived from silicate weathering and weathering products, the process provides a means of effectively capturing and fixing atmospheric CO2.
“If the Ca or Mg in the carbonate is derived from silicate weathering, and weathering products, this process provides a means of effectively capturing and fixing atmospheric CO 2 .[4][5][6]”
From Rapid Removal of Atmospheric CO2 by Urban Soils (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
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“The negative feedback inherent in this process [higher CO2 in the atmosphere generally, though not always (Tyrell, 2014), leads to warmer conditions that enhance chemical reaction rates and increase rock weathering, thereby facilitating more effective drawdown of CO2 from the atmosphere] makes this carbonate-silicate…”
Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide
Sarmiento, J. L., & Sundquist, E. T. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/356589a0 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Direct evidence of the feedback between climate and weathering
Gíslason, S. R., Oelkers, É. H., Eiríksdóttir, E. S., Kardjilov, M. I., Gísladóttir, G., Sigfússon, B., Snorrason, Á., Elefsen, S., Harðardóttir, J., Torssander, P., et al. (2008) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.018 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
“Increased CO2 content in the atmosphere, however, has been limited over geologic time by weathering of silicate rocks (Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983; Berner and Kothavala, 2001; Wallmann, 2001; Berner, 2004).”
Hallam, A. (1985) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/gsjgs.142.3.0433 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Examination of hypotheses for the Permo–Triassic boundary extinction by carbon cycle modeling
Berner, R. A. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.032095199 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citationSubduction fluxes of water, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and potassium
Jarrard, R. D. (2003) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2002gc000392 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“More rapid seafloor spreading rates during the Cretaceous [Kominz, 1984; Larson, 1991] have been causally linked not only to higher sea levels [Hays and Pitman, 1973], but also to higher atmospheric CO2 levels and consequently warmer temperatures [Berner et al., 1983; François and Walker, 1992].”
BackgroundSources and distribution of carbon within the Yangtze River system
Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, S., et al. (2006) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.08.016 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca-paleothermometry: a revised core-top calibration
Lear, C. H., Rosenthal, Y., & Slowey, N. C. (2002) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)00941-9 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“These processes have consequent effects on the global carbon cycle (through volcanism, chemical weathering and carbonate production) and climate change (Berner et al., 1983).”
BackgroundMethane hydrate stability and anthropogenic climate change
Archer, D. E. (2007) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-4-521-2007 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
“The recovery timescale from the PETM (140 kyr) is comparable to the model predictions, based on the mechanism of the silicate weathering thermostat (400 kyr timescale (Berner et al., 1983)).”
BackgroundMethodThe millennial atmospheric lifetime of anthropogenic CO2
Archer, D., & Brovkin, V. (2008) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9413-1 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
“CO 2 is extracted from the atmosphere by these reactions and winds up on the sea floor in CaCO 3 deposits (Berner et al. 1983; Berner and Kothavala 2001; Walker et al. 1981).”
BackgroundContinental arc volcanism as the principal driver of icehouse-greenhouse variability
McKenzie, N. R., Horton, B. K., Loomis, S. E., Stockli, D. F., Planavsky, N. J., & Lee, C. A. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad5787 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
The magnesium isotope budget of the modern ocean: Constraints from riverine magnesium isotope ratios
Tipper, E. T., Galy, Α., Gaillardet, J., Bickle, M. J., Elderfield, H., & Carder, E. A. (2006) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.037 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Carbon Dioxide and Polar Cooling in the Miocene: The Monterey Hypothesis
Vincent, E., & Berger, W. (2011) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/gm032p0455 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Calmels, D., Gaillardet, J., Brenot, A., & France‐Lanord, C. (2007) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g24132a.1 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Carbonate Chemistry for Sequestering Fossil Carbon
Lackner, K. S. (2002) · Annual Review of Energy and the Environment · doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083433 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
“Because carbonates are thermodynamically favored, the process occurs naturally in rock weathering (46, 54).”
BackgroundCOPSE reloaded: An improved model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time
Lenton, T. M., Daines, S. J., & Mills, B. J. W. (2018) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.004 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“The model is driven by a range of geological forcing factors taken 119 from GEOCARB III (Berner and Kothavala, 2001), BLAG (Berner et al., 1983), and rock abundance data 120 (including coal).”
MethodRiebe, C. S., Kirchner, J. W., & Finkel, R. C. (2003) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(03)00382-x · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Upscaling geochemical reaction rates using pore-scale network modeling
Li, L., Peters, C. A., & Celia, M. A. (2005) · Advances in Water Resources · doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.10.011 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
“Studies have found that, for both geological sequestration and natural long-term regulation of atmospheric CO2 levels, Ca- and Mg-rich feldspars provide the primary sinks for the net consumption of CO2 [45–51].”
BackgroundBraun, J., Viers, J., Dupré, B., et al. (1998) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(97)00344-x · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Fantle, M. S., & Tipper, E. T. (2013) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.10.004 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“The subsequent formation of marine calcium carbonates sequesters both Ca and C in seafloor sediments, and is generally considered to be a long-term control on atmospheric CO2 (e.g., Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983).”
Background
- Authors
- Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., & Garrels, R. M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Science
- Publisher
- American Journal of Science (AJS)
- Published
- 1983-09-01
- Volume
- 283
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 641-683
- ISSN
- 0002-9599 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084849445
- Cited by
- 2,428
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 30.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- carbonate-silicate cycle, atmospheric CO2, air-sea CO2 flux, continental weathering, plate subduction, seafloor spreading rates, greenhouse effect, paleoclimate
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