CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 174

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Energy, volatile production, and climatic effects of the Chicxulub Cretaceous/Tertiary impact

Pope, Kevin O., Baines, Kevin H., Ocampo, Adriana C., Ivanov, Boris A.·1997·Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
DOI 10.1029/97je01743
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A comprehensive analysis of volatiles in the Chicxulub impact strongly supports the hypothesis that impact‐generated sulfate aerosols caused over a decade of global cooling, acid rain, and disruption of ocean circulation, which contributed to the mass extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary. The crater size, meteoritic content of the K/T boundary clay, and impact models indicate that the Chicxulub crater was formed by a short period comet or an asteroid impact that released 0.7–3.4×10 31 ergs of energy. Impact models and experiments combined with estimates of volatiles in the projectile and target rocks predict that over 200 gigatons (Gt) each of SO 2 and water vapor, and over 500 Gt Of CO 2, were globally distributed in the stratosphere by the impact. Additional volatiles may have been produced on a global or regional scale that formed sulfate aerosols rapidly in cooler parts of the vapor plume, causing an early, intense pulse of sulfuric acid rain. Estimates of the conversion rate of stratospheric SO 2 and water vapor to sulfate aerosol, based on volcanic production of sulfate aerosols, coupled with calculations of diffusion, coagulation, and sedimentation, demonstrate that the 200 Gt stratospheric SO 2 and water vapor reservoir would produce sulfate aerosols for 12 years. These sulfate aerosols caused a second pulse of acid rain that was global. Radiative transfer modeling of the aerosol clouds demonstrates (1) that if the initial rapid pulse of sulfate aerosols was global, photosynthesis may have been shut down for 6 months and (2) that for the second prolonged aerosol cloud, solar transmission dropped 80% by the end of first year and remained 50% below normal for 9 years. As a result, global average surface temperatures probably dropped between 5° and 31°K, suggesting that global near‐freezing conditions may have been reached. Impact‐generated CO 2 caused less than 1°K greenhouse warming and therefore was insignificant compared to the sulfate cooling. The magnitude of sulfate cooling depends largely upon the rate of ocean mixing as surface waters cool, sink, and are replaced by upwelling of deep ocean water. This upwelling apparently drastically altered ocean stratification and circulation, which may explain the global collapse of the delta 13 C gradient between surface and deep ocean waters at the K/T boundary.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1029/97je01743

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 129

  1. 10.1130/SPE247-p93 · DOI
  2. 10.1126/science.208.4448.1095 · DOI · Paper page
  3. 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0697:PIDATC>2.3.CO;2 · DOI
  4. 10.1126/science.269.5226.930 · DOI
  5. Badjukov D. D., 1995, Shock behavior of calcite, anhydrite, and gypsum (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 63
  6. 10.1006/icar.1994.1075 · DOI
  7. 10.1016/0019-1035(90)90104-H · DOI
  8. 10.2475/ajs.291.4.339 · DOI
  9. 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01113.x · DOI
  10. 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90049-8 · DOI
  11. 10.1126/science.257.5074.1239 · DOI
  12. 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90406-9 · DOI
  13. Camargo Zanguera A., 1994, Evidencia sismica del crater de impacto de Chicxulub, Bol. Asoc. Mex. Geofis. Explor., 34, 1
  14. 10.1029/95GL01189 · DOI
  15. 10.2475/ajs.291.4.377 · DOI
  16. Chamberlain J. W., 1978, Theory of Planetary Atmospheres: An Introduction to Their Physics and Chemistry
  17. 10.1126/science.255.5043.423 · DOI
  18. 10.1130/0-8137-2307-8.253 · DOI
  19. 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90174-0 · DOI
  20. 10.1016/0012-8252(94)90030-2 · DOI
  21. 10.1130/SPE247-p263 · DOI
  22. 10.1016/0921-8181(94)90020-5 · DOI
  23. 10.1029/JB090iS02p0C828 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Cubasch U., 1990, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, 69
  25. 10.1016/0012-821X(81)90161-8 · DOI
  26. 10.1016/0031-9201(95)03022-6 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Gerasimov M. V., 1994, High‐temperature vaporization of gypsum and anhydrite: Experimental results (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 413
  28. Gerasimov M. V., 1995, High‐temperature vaporization of quartz‐calcite‐anhydrite/gypsum targets in relation to Chicxulub impact (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 451
  29. 10.1130/SPE190-p201 · DOI
  30. Grieve R. A. F., 1981, Proceedings of the Conference on Multiring Basins: Formation and Evolution, 37
  31. 10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1137:IOTPOV>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  32. 10.1126/science.235.4793.1156 · DOI
  33. Heath D. F., 1983, Spectral changes in the ultraviolet absorption and scattering properties of the atmosphere associated with the eruption of El Chichon: Stratospheric SO2 budget and decay (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 64, 197
  34. Hildebrand A. R., 1992, K/T boundary ejecta distribution predicts size and location of Chicxulub crater (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 537
  35. 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:CCAPCT>2.3.CO;2 · DOI · Paper page
  36. 10.1038/376415a0 · DOI
  37. 10.1029/91GL02793 · DOI
  38. 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0835:SPBITE>2.3.CO;2 · DOI · Paper page
  39. 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<0392:OTGEOM>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  40. Houghton J. T., 1977, The Physics of Atmospheres
  41. 10.1029/GM032p0487 · DOI
  42. Hsu K. J., 1990, Global Catastrophes in Earth History, 61
  43. 10.1130/0-8137-2307-8.125 · DOI
  44. 10.1029/91JE02249 · DOI
  45. Johnson K., 1996, Paleobotanical temperature curve for the Cretaceous‐Tertiary boundary interval and a scenario for the revegetation of North America after the terminal Cretaceous event, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs., 28, A225
  46. Keller G., 1996, Cretaceous‐Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes, 415
  47. 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0776:ITEFCT>2.3.CO;2 · DOI
  48. 10.1029/RG018i001p00143 · DOI
  49. Krasnopolsky V. A., 1983, Venus, 431
  50. 10.1029/95JE01768 · DOI
  51. 10.1016/0012-821X(96)00050-7 · DOI
  52. 10.1016/0012-821X(85)90067-6 · DOI
  53. 10.1029/GL010i001p00024 · DOI
  54. 10.1029/92GL01620 · DOI
  55. 10.1016/0012-821X(86)90150-0 · DOI
  56. Lopez Ramos E., 1979, Geologia de Mexico, tomo III
  57. Lyons J. R., 1996, Chicxulub impact‐induced vaporization: S and C species and their affect on global climate (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 787
  58. 10.1126/science.239.4839.485 · DOI
  59. 10.1021/j150659a035 · DOI
  60. Marin L. E., 1996, Results of shallow drilling on the southern inner flank of the Chicxulub impact basin: Implications for basin size, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 31, A82
  61. 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90202-S · DOI
  62. 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90091-4 · DOI
  63. 10.1029/95JB01151 · DOI
  64. 10.1016/0012-821X(73)90162-3 · DOI
  65. Melosh H. J., 1989, Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process
  66. 10.1029/GL010i009p00873 · DOI
  67. 10.1130/0-8137-2307-8.75 · DOI
  68. 10.1130/SPE190-p103 · DOI
  69. 10.1038/338247a0 · DOI · Paper page
  70. 10.1364/AO.14.000208 · DOI
  71. Pardo A., 1996, Cretaceous‐Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes, 139
  72. Pierazzo E., 1996, Numerical simulation of the Chicxulub impact event (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 1029
  73. 10.1029/94JE01089 · DOI · Paper page
  74. 10.1029/JD094iD08p11165 · DOI
  75. 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1996.tb02015.x · DOI
  76. 10.1126/science.219.4582.287 · DOI
  77. 10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1719:GSOVAF>2.0.CO;2 · DOI · Paper page
  78. 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410102 · DOI
  79. 10.1038/351105a0 · DOI
  80. 10.1007/BF00575099 · DOI · Paper page
  81. 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90186-4 · DOI · Paper page
  82. 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0527:SEOTCC>2.3.CO;2 · DOI · Paper page
  83. 10.1016/0012-821X(87)90046-X · DOI
  84. Rabinowitz D., 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids, 285
  85. 10.1038/359050a0 · DOI
  86. 10.1126/science.215.4539.1501 · DOI · Paper page
  87. 10.1126/science.11542060 · DOI
  88. Retallack G. J., 1996, Acid trauma at the Cretaceous‐Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana, GSA Today, 6, 1
  89. 10.1016/0031-0182(90)90068-I · DOI
  90. Schmoker J. W., 1982, Carbonate porosity versus depth: A predictable relation for south Florida, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 66, 2561
  91. 10.1029/96JE02266 · DOI
  92. 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0963:CTCIAA>2.3.CO;2 · DOI · Paper page
  93. 10.1130/SPE247-p239 · DOI
  94. 10.1130/SPE247-p33 · DOI
  95. Sharpton V. L., 1990, Global Catastrophes in Earth History
  96. 10.1038/359819a0 · DOI
  97. 10.1126/science.261.5128.1564 · DOI · Paper page
  98. 10.1130/0-8137-2307-8.55 · DOI · Paper page
  99. Shine K. P., 1990, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, 41
  100. 10.1130/SPE247-p155 · DOI
  101. 10.1016/0031-0182(90)90069-J · DOI
  102. 10.1038/353839a0 · DOI
  103. 10.1038/349482a0 · DOI
  104. 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90113-A · DOI
  105. 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0099:TBDWCU>2.3.CO;2 · DOI
  106. 10.1130/0-8137-2307-8.151 · DOI
  107. 10.1130/DNAG-GNA-J.205 · DOI
  108. 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0797:DOCDNT>2.3.CO;2 · DOI
  109. Stinnesbeck W., 1996, Cretaceous‐Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes, 471
  110. 10.1126/science.257.5072.954 · DOI · Paper page
  111. Takata T., 1995, Physical properties of comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9: Origin and progenitor size (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 1391
  112. 10.1006/icar.1994.1074 · DOI
  113. 10.1130/SPE190-p187 · DOI
  114. Toon O. B., 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids, 791
  115. 10.1126/science.222.4630.1283 · DOI
  116. 10.1029/JB091iB05p04730 · DOI
  117. 10.1130/SPE247-p289 · DOI
  118. Vickery A. M., 1992, Ejecta associated with large terrestrial impacts: Implications for the Chicxulub impact and K/T boundary stratigraphy (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., 1473
  119. 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1981.tb00930.x · DOI
  120. 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0873:YNSSIA>2.3.CO;2 · DOI · Paper page
  121. Watson R. T., 1990, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, 1
  122. Weidie A. E., 1985, Geology and Hydrology of the Yucatan and Quaternary Geology of Northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, 1
  123. 10.1126/science.7871426 · DOI
  124. Yang W., 1996, Shock vaporization of anhydrite and calcite and the effects on global climate from the K/T impact crater at Chicxulub (abstract, Lunar Planet. Sci., 1473
  125. 10.1038/337061a0 · DOI
  126. 10.1130/SPE247-p271 · DOI
  127. 10.1006/icar.1994.1038 · DOI
  128. 10.1029/95GL01190 · DOI
  129. 10.1029/96GL00706 · DOI

Cited by

See all 174

Metadata

Authors
Pope, K. O., Baines, K. H., Ocampo, A. C., & Ivanov, B. A.
Venue
Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
Publisher
American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published
1997-09
Volume
102
Issue
E9
Pages
21645-21664
ISSN
0148-0227
DOI
10.1029/97je01743
Cited by
174
References
1
Language
en
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Energy, volatile production, and climatic effects of the Chicxulub Cretaceous/Tertiary impact. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1029/97je01743
The paper
Pope, K. O., Baines, K. H., Ocampo, A. C., & Ivanov, B. A. (1997). Energy, volatile production, and climatic effects of the Chicxulub Cretaceous/Tertiary impact. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. https://doi.org/10.1029/97je01743