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Cited by 1,035Geological and Geophysical Studiesearthquake and tectonic studiesGeological and Geochemical Analysis

Origin and development of marginal basins in the western Pacific

Karig, Daniel E.·1971·Journal of Geophysical Research
DOI 10.1029/jb076i011p02542
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Abstract

The semi-isolated basins and series of basins of intermediate to normal oceanic depths that lie behind island arc systems are termed marginal basins, and are believed to be of extensional origin. Marginal basins, although differing in size and amount of sediment fill, are all underlain by oceanic crust, and can be divided into actively spreading inter-arc basins and older inactive basins. The inactive basins are grouped on the basis of age as reflected by crustal heat flow; inactive basins with above-normal heat flow are apparently younger than those with normal heat flow. Volcano-tectonic rift zones with associated silicic tuffs are found in the tectonic position of inter-arc basins in some continental trench-arc systems and are thought to have been formed by similar extensional process. Large scale crustal extension and demonstratable trench migration imply displacement of the Benioff zone. However, the portion of the Benioff zone shallower than 150 km, and lying between the volcanic chain and the trench, remains relatively undeformed along the trend of arc systems in which the dip of the deeper segment of the Benioff zone changes markedly. Geometric relationships suggest that, as the inter-arc basin opens, the trench is forced to migrate and the Benioff zone is flattened, except in areas where crust can be consumed in a second trench behind the extensional zone. Active extension is restricted to arc systems with earthquakes deeper than about 350 km. The available data can be explained by a thermal diapir of shear-heated mantle material, bouyantly rising beneath the inter-arc basin from the upper surface of the under-thrust lithosphere. Hydrostatic forces associated with such a diapir are felt capable of over-coming the compressional forces in the mantle produced by shearing along the upper surface of the lithosphere and by the bending of the lithosphere. The existence of low density, high temperature upper mantle is indicated by the lack of a large gravity anomaly over the shallow oceanic crust of the inter-arc basin, by high heat flow there, and by anomalously high attenuation of shear waves passing through the upper mantle beneath the extensional zone.

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  • In Karig's model a new plate boundary forms close to the volcanoes because of extension produced by diapiric intrusions from below.

    “In Karig's (1971) model a new plate boundary forms close to the volcanoes because of extension produced by diapiric intrusions from below.”

    From Speculations on the Thermal and Tectonic History of the Earth (2007) · cites this paper as Karig's (1971)

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Authors
Karig, D. E.
Corresponding author
Karig, Daniel E.
ORCID
Karig, Daniel E.
Venue
Journal of Geophysical Research
Publisher
American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published
1971-04-10
Volume
76
Issue
11
Pages
2542-2561
ISSN
0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1029/jb076i011p02542
OpenAlex
W2066711037
Cited by
1,035
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 9
FWCI
43.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 16215 d)
Locations
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geology › Geological and Geophysical Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › earthquake and tectonic studies
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Keywords
marginal basins, extensional tectonics, Benioff zone, trench migration, crustal heat flow, mantle attenuation, gravity anomalies, western Pacific

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