CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 543Personality Disorders and PsychopathologyPersonality Traits and PsychologyBipolar Disorder and Treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: baseline axis I/II and II/II diagnostic co-occurrence

Open access
McGlashan, Thomas H., Grilo, Carlos M., Skodol, Andrew E., Gunderson, John G., Shea, M. Tracie, Morey, Leslie C., Zanarini, Mary C., Stout, Robert L.·2000·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102004256.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Objective: To describe baseline diagnostic co‐occurrence in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Method: Six hundred and sixty‐eight patients were reliably assessed with diagnostic interviews for DSM‐IV Axis I and II disorders to create five groups: Schizotypal (STPD), Borderline (BPD), Avoidant (AVPD), Obsessive‐Compulsive (OCPD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) without personality disorder (PD). Results: Mean number of Axis I lifetime diagnoses was 3.4; STPD and BPD groups had more diagnoses than AVPD, OCPD, and MDD groups. Significant Axis I co‐occurrences emerged for Social Phobia/AVPD, PTSD/BPD and Substance Use/BPD. Mean number of co‐occurring PDs was 1.4; STPD had more than BPD group which had more than AVPD and OCPD groups. Significant PD co‐occurrence emerged for: STPD/ Paranoid and Schizoid PDs, BPD with Antisocial and Dependent PDs, and lower frequency for OCPD/Antisocial PD. Conclusion: Diagnostic co‐occurrences generally followed base rates, while significant departures resemble those of controlled literature.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102004256.x

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Still being checked.

Research works printed but not linked: 80

  1. [3]3. LILIENFELD SO, WALDMAN ID, ISAEL AC. A critical examina- tion of the use of the term and concept of comorbidity in psychopathology research. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 1994;1: 71±83.
  2. [4]4. SKODOL AE. Classi®cation, assessment, and differential diag- nosis of personality disorders. J Pract Psychiatry Behav Health 1997;3:261±274.
  3. [5]5. WIDIGER TA, FORD-BLACK MM. Diagnoses and disorders. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 1994;1:84±87.
  4. [7]7. GRILO CM, MCGLASHAN TH, OLDHAM JM. Course and stability of personality disorders. J Pract Psychiatry Behav Health 1998;4:61±75.
  5. [8]8. GRILO CM, MCGLASHAN TH. Stability and course of person- ality disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 1999;12:157±162.
  6. [9]9. MCDAVID JD, PILKONIS PA. The stability of personality disorder diagnoses. J Pers Disord 1996;10:1±15.
  7. [10]10. MCGLASHAN T. The longitudinal pro®le of BPD: contribu- tions from Chestnut Lodge follow up study. In: SILVER D, ROSENBLUTH M, eds. Handbook of the Borderline Diagnosis. New York: International University Press, 1992.
  8. [11]11. PARIS J. Follow-up studies of BPD: a critical review. J Pers Disord 1988;2:189±197.
  9. [12]12. PERRY JC. Longitudinal studies of personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1993;7:63±85.
  10. [13]13. MASER JD, CLONINGER CR. Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990.
  11. [14]14. CARON C, RUTTER M. Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991;32:1063±1080.
  12. [15]15. KENDALL PC, CLARKIN JF. Introduction to special section: comorbidity and treatment implications. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992;60:833±834.
  13. [16]16. WIDIGER T, FRANCES AJ, HARRIS M, JACOBSBERG LB, FYER M, MANNING D. Comorbidity among Axis II disorders. In: OLDHAM JM, ed. Personality disorders: new perspectives on diagnostic validity. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1991.
  14. [17]17. BOYD JH, BURKE JK, GRUENBERG E et al. Exclusion criteria of DSM-III: a study of co-occurrence of hierarchy-free syn- dromes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:983±989.
  15. [19]19. ALLISON DB. A note on the selection of control groups and control variables in comorbidity research. Compr Psychiatry 1993;34:336±339.
  16. [20]20. BERKSON J. Limitations of the application of the four-fold table analysis to hospital data. Biometr Bull 1946;2:47±53.
  17. [21]21. DU FORT GG, NEWMAN SC, BLAND RC. Psychiatric comor- bidity and treatment seeking: sources of selection bias in the study of clinical populations. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993;181: 467±474.
  18. [22]22. RUTTER M. Comorbidity: meanings and mechanisms. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 1994;1:100±104.
  19. [23]23. KRAEMER HC. Statistical issues in assessing comorbidity. Stat Med 1995;14:721±733.
  20. [24]24. OLDHAM JM, SKODOL AE, KELLMAN HD, HYLER ST, ROSNICK L, DAVIES M. Diagnosis of DSM-III-R personality disorders by two structured interviews: patterns of comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:213±220.
  21. [25]25. DOLAN RT, KRUEGER RF, SHEA MP. The co-occurrence of personality disorders and syndrome disorders. In: LIVESLEY J, ed. The handbook of personality disorders. New York: Guilford Press, 2000, in press.
  22. [26]26. LYONS M, TRYER P, GUNDERSON J, TOHEN M. Special feature: heuristic models of comorbidity of Axis 1 and Axis II disorders. J Pers Disord 1997;11:260±269.
  23. [27]27. TRYER P, GUNDERSON J, LYONS M, TOHEN M. Special feature: extent of comorbidity between mental state and personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1997;11:242±259.
  24. [28]28. JACKSON HJ, WHITESIDE HL, BATES GW, BELL R, RUDD RP, EDWARDS J. Diagnosing personality disorders in psychiatric inpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991;83:206±213.
  25. [29]29. FAVA M, ALPERT JE, BORUS JS, NIERENBERG AA, PAVA JA, ROSENBAUM JF. Patterns of personality disorder comorbidity in early-onset versus late-onset major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1308±1312.
  26. [30]30. ZANARINI MC, FRANKENBURG FR, DUBO ED et al. Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1733±1739.
  27. [31]31. SANDERSON W, WETZLER S, BECK AT, BETZ F. Prevalence of personality disorders in patients with major depression and dysthymia. Psychiatr Res 1992;42:93±99.
  28. [32]32. ALPERT JE, UEBELACKER LA, MCLEAN NE et al. Social phobia, avoidant personality disorder and atypical depression: co- occurrence and clinical implications. Psychol Med 1997;27: 627±633.
  29. [33]33. MARKOWITZ JC, MORAN ME, KOCSIS JH, FRANCES AJ. Prevalence and comorbidity of dysthymic disorder among psychiatric outpatients. J Affect Disord 1992;24:63±71.
  30. [34]34. PEPPER CM, KLEIN DN, ANDERSON RL, RISO LP, OUIMETTE PC, LIZARDI H. DSM-III-R Axis II comorbidity in dysthymia and major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:239±247.
  31. [35]35. SKODOL AE, OLDHAM JM, HYLER SE et al. Patterns of anxiety and personality disorder comorbidity. J Psychiatr Res 1995;29:361±374.
  32. [36]36. RENNEBERG B, CHAMBLESS DL, GRACELY EJ. Prevalence of SCID-diagnosed personality disorders in agoraphobic out- patients. J Anxiety Disord 1992;6:111±118.
  33. [37]37. ALNAES R, TORGERSEN S. The relationship between DSM-III symptom disorders (Axis I) and personality disorders (Axis II) in an outpatient population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78:485±492.
  34. [38]38. HOFFART A, THORNES K, HEDLEY LM. DSM-III-R Axis I and II disorders in agoraphobic inpatients with and without panic disorder before and after psychosocial treatment. Psychiatr Res 1995;56:1±9.
  35. [39]39. BROOKS RB, BALTAZAR PL, MCDOWELL DE, MUNJACK DJ, BRUNS JR. Personality disorders co-occurring with panic disorder with agoraphobia. J Pers Disord 1991;5:328±336.
  36. [40]40. TURNER SM, BEIDEL DC, BORDEN JW, STANLEY MA, JACOB RG. Social phobia: Axis I and II correlates. J Abnorm Psychol 1991;100:102±106.
  37. [41]41. SCHNEIER FR, SPITZER RL, GIBBON M, FYER A, LIEBOWITZ MR. The relationship of social phobia subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1991;32:496±502.
  38. [42]42. CRINO RD, ANDREWS G. Personality disorder in obsessive compulsive disorder: a controlled study. J Psychiatr Res 1996;30:29±38.
  39. [43]43. NESTADT G, ROMANOSKI AJ, SAMUELS JF, FOLSTEIN MF, MCHUGH PR. The relationship between personality and DSM-III axis I disorders in the population: results from an epidemiological survey. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1228± 1233.
  40. [44]44. SOUTHWICK SM, YEHUDA R, GILLER EL. Personality disorders in treatment seeking combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1020±1023.
  41. [45]45. SCIUTO G, DIAFERIA G, BATTAGLIA M, PERNA G, GABRIELE A, BELLODI L. DSM-III-R personality disorders in panic and obsessive compulsive disorder: a comparison study. Compr Psychiatry 1991;32:450±457.
  42. [46]46. TORRES AR, DELPORTO JA. Comorbidity of obsessive- compulsive disorder and personality disorders. Psycho- pathology 1995;28:322±329.
  43. [47]47. LINKS PS, HESLEGRAVE RJ, MITTON JE, vAN REEKUM R, PATRICK J. Borderline personality disorder and substance abuse: consequences of comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry 1995; 40:9±14.
  44. [48]48. ZANARINI MC, GUNDERSON JG, FRANKENBURG FR. Axis I phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1989;30:149±156.
  45. [49]49. DEJONG CAJ, vAN DEN BRINK W, HARTEVELD FM, vAN DER WIELEN EGM. Personality disorders in alcoholics and drug addicts. Compr Psychiatry 1993;34:87±94.
  46. [50]50. ROUNSAVILLE BJ, KRANZLER HR, BALL S, TENNEN H, POLING J, TRIFFLEMAN E. Personality disorders in substance abusers: relation to substance use. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998;186:87±95.
  47. [51]51. MORGENSTERN J, LANGENBUCHER J, LABOUVIE E, MILLER KJ. The comorbidity of alcoholism and personality disorders in a clinical population: prevalence rates and relation to alcohol typology variables. J Abnorm Psychol 1997;106:74±84.
  48. [52]52. BARBER JP, FRANK A, WEISS RD et al. Prevalence and correl- ates of personality disorder diagnoses among cocaine dependent outpatients. J Pers Disord 1996;10:297±311.
  49. [53]53. GRILO CM, MARTINO S, WALKER ML, BECKER DF, EDELL WS, MCGLASHAN TH. Controlled study of psychiatric comorbid- ity in psychiatrically hospitalized young adults with sub- stance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1305±1307.
  50. [54]54. GRILO CM, BECKER DF, WALKER ML, LEVY KN, EDELL WS, MCGLASHAN TH. Psychiatric comorbidity in adolescent inpatients with substance use disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:1085±1091.
  51. [55]55. SKODOL AE, OLDHAM JM, GALLAHER PE. Axis II comorbidity of substance use disorders among patients referred for treatment of personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:733±738.
  52. [56]56. SKODOL AE, OLDHAM JM, HYLER SE, KELLMAN HD, DOIDGE N, DAVIES M. Comorbidity of DSM-III-R eating disorders and personality disorders. Int J Eating Dis 1993;14:403±416.
  53. [57]57. HERZOG DB, KELLER MB, LAVORI PW, KENNY GM, SACHS NR. The prevalence of personality disorders in 210 women with eating disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:147±152.
  54. [58]58. DOWSON JH. Associations between self-induced vomiting and personality disorder in patients with a history of anorexia nervosa. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;86:399±404.
  55. [59]59. GILLBERG IC, RASTAM M, GILLBERG C. Anorexia nervosa 6 years after onset: Part I. Personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry 1995;36:61±69.
  56. [60]60. WONDERLICH SA, SWIFT WJ, SLOTNICK HB, GOODMAN S. DSM- III-R personality disorders in eating disorder subtypes. Int J Eating Disord 1990;9:607±616.
  57. [61]61. NURNBERG GH, RASKIN M, LEVINE PE, POLLACK S, SIEGEL O, PRINCE R. The comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and other DSM-III-R Axis II personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1371±1377.
  58. [62]62. FLICK SN, ROY-BYRNE PP, COWLEY DS, SHORES MM, DUNNER DL. DSM-III-R personality disorders in a mood and anxiety disorders clinic: prevalence, comorbidity, and clinical correl- ates. J Affective Disord 1993;27:71±79.
  59. [63]63. KLEIN DN, SHIH JH. Depressive personality: associations with DSM-III-R mood and personality disorders and nega- tive and positive affectivity, 30-month stability, and predic- tion of course of Axis I depressive disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 1998;107:319±327.
  60. [64]64. STUART S, PFOHL B, BATTAGLIA M, BELLODI L, GROVE W, CADORET R. The co-occurrence of DSM-III-R personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1998;12:302±315.
  61. [65]65. PFOHL B, CORYELL W, ZIMMERMAN MD, STANGL D. DSM-III personality disorders: diagnostic overlap and internal con- sistency of individual DSM-III criteria. Compr Psychiatry 1986;27:21±34.
  62. [66]66. ZANARINI MC, FRANKENBURG FR, CHAUNCEY DL, GUNDERSON JG. The diagnostic interview for personality disorders: inter- rater and test±retest reliability. Compr Psychiatry 1987;28: 467±480.
  63. [67]67. ZANARINI MC, FRANKENBURG FR, DUBO ED et al. Axis II comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1998;39:296±302.
  64. [68]68. GUNDERSON JG, SHEA MT, SKODOL AE et al. The Collab- orative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: develop- ment, aims, designs and sample characteristics. J Pers Disord 2000, in press.
  65. [69]69. SHEA MT, PILKONIS PA, BECKHAM E et al. Personality disorder and treatment outcome in the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:711±718.
  66. [70]70. CLARK LA. Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Person- ality (SNAP). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
  67. [71]71. WIDIGER TA, FRANCES A. The DSM-III personality disorders: perspectives from psychology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42: 615±623.
  68. [72]72. WIDIGER TA, FRANCES A, SPITZER RL, WILLIAMS JB. The DSM-III R personality disorders. An overview. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:786±795.
  69. [73]73. MILLON T. Disorders of personality. New York: Wiley, 1981.
  70. [74]74. GUNDERSON JG. Controversies about diagnoses of personality disorders. In: TASMAN A, ed. Annual Review of Psychiatry, vol. 11. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1992.
  71. [75]75. ZANARINI MC, SKODOL AE, BENDER D et al. The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: reliability of Axis I and II Diagnoses. J Pers Disord 2000:in press.
  72. [76]76. GUNDERSON JG, PHILLIPS KA. A current view of the interface between borderline personality disorder and depression. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:967±975.
  73. [77]77. SKODOL AE, STOUT RL, MCGLASHAN TH et al. The co- occurrence of mood and personality disorders report from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS). Depression Anxiety 1999;10:175±182.
  74. [78]78. SIEVER LJ, DAVIS KL. A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1647±1658.
  75. [79]79. GUNDERSON JG, SABO AN. The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:19±27.
  76. [80]80. PARIS J, ZWEIG-FRANK H. A critical review of the role of childhood sexual abuse in the etiology of borderline personality disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1992;37:125±128.
  77. [81]81. PARIS J. Childhood trauma as an etiological factor in the personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1997;11:34±49.
  78. [82]82. HERMAN JL, PERRY JC, vAN DER KOLK BA. Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:490±495.
  79. [83]83. OLDHAM JM, SKODOL A, KELLMAN DH et al. Comorbidity of Axis I and Axis II disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152: 571±578.
  80. [84]84. BLASHFIELD RK, MCELROY RA, PFOHL B, BLUM N. Comor- bidity and the prototype model. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 1994;1:96±99.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 543

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
McGlashan, T. H., Grilo, C. M., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Shea, M. T., Morey, L. C., Zanarini, M. C., & Stout, R. L.
Affiliations
  • Yale University (US)
  • New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Brown University (US)
  • Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author
McGlashan, Thomas H.
ORCID
Venue
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2000-10
Volume
102
Issue
4
Pages
256-264
ISSN
  • 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
  • 1600-0447
DOI
10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102004256.x
OpenAlex
W2061987281
Cited by
542
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 28
FWCI
16.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 449 d)
Locations
  • Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (50850, R10 MH50837, MH-50837, R10 MH 50838, 50838, R10MH050837, 50840, R10MH050838, R10MH050839, R10 MH50839, 50839, 50837)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Keywords
personality disorders, Axis I disorders, Axis II personality disorders, schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, paranoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, dependent personality disorder
MeSH terms
Mental Disorders, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Personality Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review