The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How often are our numbers wrong?
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“From this perspective, it is not surprising that analysis pipelines are peppered with errors, ranging from the mundane to the serious [53–55].”
From Data availability, reusability, and analytic reproducibility: evaluating the impact of a mandatory open data policy at the journal Cognition (2018) · cites this paper as [55]
Citations
Cites
David, F. N., & Tukey, J. W. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529486 · Cited by 12,707
Snedecor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1967) · Cited by 6,573
Artifact in behavioral research
Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,186
Self-citationA history of experimental psychology, 2nd ed.
Boring, E. G. (1950) · Cited by 488
Wortman, C. B., Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421418 · Cited by 428
Self-citationThe Interpretation of Levels of Significance by Psychological Researchers
Rosenthal, R., & Gaito, J. M. (1963) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1963.9916596 · Cited by 183
Self-citationExperimenter effects in behavioral research, Enlarged ed.
Rosenthal, R. (1976) · Cited by 67
Self-citationTeacher Expectancy as Related to the Academic and Personal Growth of Primary-Age Children
Fleming, E. S., & Anttonen, R. G. (1971) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165748 · Cited by 18
VARIABLES AFFECTING EXPERIMENTER BIAS IN A GROUP SITUATION.
Rosenthal, R. H., Friedman, C. J., Ca, J., Fode, K. L., Schill, T. R., Rc, W., & Vikan-Kline, L. (1964) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Self-citationBias Effects and Awareness in Studies of Verbal Conditioning.
Doctor, R. M. (1968) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 10
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Meta-Analysis: Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods for Literature Reviews
Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59 · Cited by 1,780
Self-citationInterpersonal expectancy effects: the first 345 studies
Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00075506 · Cited by 1,158
Self-citationSpatial data analysis: theory and practice
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3486 · Cited by 965
Hróbjartsson, A., Thomsen, A. S. S., Emanuelsson, F., Tendal, B., Hilden, J., Boutron, I., Ravaud, P., & Brorson, S. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e1119 · Cited by 505
Scientific Utopia: I. Opening Scientific Communication
Nosek, B. A., & Bar‐Anan, Y. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.692215 · Cited by 387
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosenthal, R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenthal, Robert
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1978-11
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1005-1008
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2031227039
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 19.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- measurement error, reliability statistics, measurement accuracy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: How often are our numbers wrong? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0003-066x.33.11.1005
- The paper
- Rosenthal, R. (1978). How often are our numbers wrong? American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.33.11.1005
