The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.
Abstract
Various authors have noted that interethnic group and intraethnic group racism are significant stressors for many African Americans. As such, intergroup and intragroup racism may play a role in the high rates of morbidity and mortality in this population. Yet, although scientific examinations of the effects of stress have proliferated, few researchers have explored the psychological, social, and physiological effects of perceived racism among African Americans. The purpose of this article was to outline a biopsychosocial model for perceived racism as a guide for future research. The first section of this article provides a brief overview of how racism has been conceptualized in the scientific literature. The second section reviews research exploring the existence of intergroup and intragroup racism. A contextual model for systematic studies of the biopsychosocial effects of perceived racism is then presented, along with recommendations for future research.
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“(3) socially inflicted trauma : perceiving, recalling or anticipating interpersonal racial discrimination provokes fear and anger, triggering the 'flight-or-fight' response”
From Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: An ecosocial perspective (2001) · cites this paper as [115]
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“Various psychological and behavioral factors may influence how individuals perceive and respond to environmental stimuli (Adams & Dressier, 1988; V. R. Clark & Harrell, 1982; Pearlin, 1989; Wiebe & Williams, 1992).”
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Meyer, I. H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 · Cited by 14,736
Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.
Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016059 · Cited by 4,427
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371
Self-citationThe Social Psychology of Stigma
Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 · Cited by 3,114
Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301069 · Cited by 2,674
Metadata
- Authors
- Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 805-816
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2005637544
- Cited by
- 2,830
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 132 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 151 · 2021: 169 · 2020: 137 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 143 · 2012: 137
- FWCI
- 132.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- racism, perceived racism, African Americans, biopsychosocial model, stress, health disparities, morbidity and mortality
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Humans, Models, Psychological, Perception, Prejudice, Self Concept, Stress, Psychological
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