Cited by 2,830Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyHealth disparities and outcomes

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Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.

Clark, Rodney, Anderson, Norman B., Clark, Vernessa R., Williams, David R.·1999·American Psychologist

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Abstract

Various authors have noted that interethnic group and intraethnic group racism are significant stressors for many African Americans. As such, intergroup and intragroup racism may play a role in the high rates of morbidity and mortality in this population. Yet, although scientific examinations of the effects of stress have proliferated, few researchers have explored the psychological, social, and physiological effects of perceived racism among African Americans. The purpose of this article was to outline a biopsychosocial model for perceived racism as a guide for future research. The first section of this article provides a brief overview of how racism has been conceptualized in the scientific literature. The second section reviews research exploring the existence of intergroup and intragroup racism. A contextual model for systematic studies of the biopsychosocial effects of perceived racism is then presented, along with recommendations for future research.

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Authors: Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R.
Affiliations: Wayne State University (US)
ORCID: Anderson, Norman B.
Williams, David R.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999-10
Volume: 54
Issue: 10
Pages: 805-816
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.54.10.805
OpenAlex: W2005637544
Cited by: 2,830
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 75 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 132 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 151 · 2021: 169 · 2020: 137 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 143 · 2012: 137
FWCI: 132.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords: racism, perceived racism, African Americans, biopsychosocial model, stress, health disparities, morbidity and mortality
MeSH terms: Black or African American, Humans, Models, Psychological, Perception, Prejudice, Self Concept, Stress, Psychological

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Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.

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