Depression prevalence and incidence among inner-city pregnant and postpartum women.

Abstract

A sample of 192 financially impoverished, inner-city women was assessed for clinical depression twice during pregnancy and once postpartum. At the first and second antepartum interviews, respectively, 27.6% and 24.5% of the women were depressed, controlling for pregnancy-related somatic symptoms. Postpartum depression was found among 23.4% of women. These rates are about double those found for middle-class samples. Particularly heightened risk for antepartum depression was found among single women who did not have a cohabiting partner. African American and European American women did not differ in rates of depression. Antepartum depression was a weak but significant risk factor for postpartum depression.

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2. Rates and risk of postpartum depression – a meta-analysis
   O'hara, Michael W., Swain, Annette M. · 1996 · International Review of Psychiatry
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5. Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women.
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