The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Television is "easy" and print is "tough": The differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions.
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This perception of the chatbot as”
From Using ChatGPT is easy, using it effectively is tough? A mixed methods study on K-12 students’ perceptions, interaction patterns, and support for learning with generative AI chatbots (2025) · cites this paper as Salomon, 1984
Citations
Cites
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
Antagonism Between Achievement and Enjoyment in ATI Studies
Clark, R. E. (1982) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461528209529247 · Cited by 157
Depth of processing and interference effects in the learning and remembering of sentences.
Kane, J. H., & Anderson, R. C. (1978) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.70.4.626 · Cited by 115
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation
Schunk, D. H. (1991) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.1991.9653133 · Cited by 4,292
Media will never influence learning
Clark, R. E. (1994) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02299088 · Cited by 1,893
Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems.
Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1017 · Cited by 1,511
Development of an instrument for measuring different types of cognitive load
Leppink, J., Paas, F., Van der Vleuten, C. P. M., Van Gog, T., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0334-1 · Cited by 1,066
Social origins of self-regulatory competence
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (1997) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3204_1 · Cited by 937
Metadata
- Authors
- Salomon, G.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Salomon, Gavriel
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Psychology
- Published
- 1984-08
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 647-658
- ISSN
- 0022-0663 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2176
- OpenAlex
- W2074791822
- Cited by
- 1,015
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 7.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Educational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Keywords
- television learning, perceived effort, cognitive effort, learning effort, attribution, media effects on learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Television is "easy" and print is "tough": The differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0022-0663.76.4.647
- The paper
- Salomon, G. (1984). Television is "easy" and print is "tough": The differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions. Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.76.4.647
