Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell's mistaken critique.

Ekman, Paul·1994·Psychological Bulletin

Cited by (193)

Items 101–193 of 193

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  26. Facial Expressions and Non Verbal Comunication
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  27. Facial expression recognition by applying multi-step integral projection and SVMs
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  30. Combining integral projection and Gabor transformation for automatic facial feature detection and extraction
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  52. Deterioro de las habilidades emocinales en la aleximia nición y la cuestión de las emociones básicas. El primer problema no discute la participación de factores biológicos y cognitivos, sino que lo que plantea es si las emociones constituyen un proceso biológico o cognitivo, es decir, cuál tiene primacía en las emociones (Lazarus, 1984; Zajonc, 1984). Por un lado, Zajonc e Izard, que dan primacía a lo biológico, consideran que las emociones son activadas a través de las expresiones faciales (feedback facial), las tasas de descarga neuronal o la influencia de las vías neuronales límbicas. Estos fenómenos surgen del procesamiento subcortical, incluyendo o no la actividad cortical. Por el contrario, Lazarus y James plantean una primacía de lo cognitivo, ya que consideran las emociones como fenómenos postcognitivos que surgen de influencias cognitivas y requieren de procesos cognitivos antecedentes. Lazarus resalta la importancia de lo que denominó evaluación perceptiva primitiva, que consiste en cómo el sujeto, para poder tener una respuesta emocional, tiene que realizar una evaluación cognitiva en función de lo relevante que sea. Entre ambas posiciones, se formulan distintas posturas intermedias, de entre las cuales destacamos la de Plutchik (1980a) que considera las emociones como un proceso dinámico en el que se integran tanto los aspectos cognitivos como los biológicos. Por otra parte, Buck (1985) admite la existencia de dos sistemas emocionales paralelos que activan y regulan las emociones simultáneamente. Según este autor el biológico es innato y automático, mientras que el cognitivo se adquiere mediante la historia social y cultural de la persona. El segundo problema teórico en este ámbito plantea si existe un número determinado de emociones básicas o un número ilimitado de ellas. La perspectiva biológica/evolucionista afirma la existencia de unas emociones innatas como la rabia o el miedo, a partir de las cuales se derivan el resto de las reacciones afectivas. De acuerdo a este planteamiento se pone de manifiesto la universalidad de la expresión facial y el reconocimiento de estas emociones básicas en las diferentes culturas. No obstante, frente a esta postura de la universalidad de las emociones y su reconocimiento innato, otros autores abogan por el relativismo de las manifestaciones emocionales y de su reconocimiento (Russell, 1994). A pesar de estas controversias, no existe acuerdo en el número e identidad de estas emociones consideradas básicas. Así, para Plutchik (1980b), estas emociones básicas son el miedo, la ira, la alegría, la tristeza, la aceptación, el asco, la anticipación y la sorpresa. En cambio, Izard (1991) identifica como tales el interés, el placer, la sorpresa, la tristeza, la ira, el asco, el desprecio y el miedo. Mientras que para Ekman (1993) son el miedo, la ira, la alegría, la sorpresa, el asco, la tristeza y el desprecio. Esta última clasificación es la más utilizada en los diferentes estudios sobre emoción. 153
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  64. Conclusion
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  72. References
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  76. References
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  84. Copyright Page
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  85. Dedication
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  86. Prologue
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  87. Notes
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