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A review of research on men's body image and drive for muscularity.
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This shift often results in increased body dissatisfaction in cultures where Western ideals conflict with traditional standards.
“This shift often results in increased body dissatisfaction in cultures where Western ideals conflict with traditional standards of beauty [151].”
Citations
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Merino, M., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12141396 · Cited by 349
“This shift often results in increased body dissatisfaction in cultures where Western ideals conflict with traditional standards of beauty [151].”
BackgroundGalupo, M. P., Cusack, C. E., & Morris, E. R. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.06.003 · Cited by 67
Hammack, P. L., Grecco, B., Wilson, B. D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02144-z · Cited by 65
“Like all men in contemporary US society, young sexual minority men are socialized in a larger cultural context of racism (Roberts & Rizzo, 2021), misogyny (Hale & Ojeda, 2018), and pressures to conform to a particular body standard (Murnen & Karazsia, 2017).”
BackgroundGender differences in responses to thin, athletic, and hyper-muscular idealized bodies
Watson, A., & Murnen, S. K. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.03.010 · Cited by 71
Self-citationPiatkowski, T. M., White, K. M., Hides, L. M., & Obst, P. L. (2019) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12451 · Cited by 62
Boyd, H. K., & Murnen, S. K. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.03.003 · Cited by 60
“Body dissatisfaction is no longer considered a women-only omain (Murnen & Karaszia, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationModels of Body Image for Boys and Men
Tylka, T. L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67127-3_2 · Cited by 43
O’Gorman, B., Sheffield, J. K., & Griffiths, S. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.09.002 · Cited by 21
Malova, E., & Dunleavy, V. (2021) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2021.1930338 · Cited by 18
“Thus, drive for muscularity in men, in addition to over-exercising and use of appearance-enhancing substances, is strongly associated with disordered eating patterns (Dakanalis & Riva, 2013; Murnen & Karazsia, 2017).”
BackgroundLaudańska–Krzemińska, I., Krzysztoszek, J., Naczk, M., & Gajewska, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165791 · Cited by 19
Monocello, L. T. (2019) · Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science · doi:10.1007/s41809-019-00042-4 · Cited by 14
(Loss of) the super soldier: combat-injuries, body image and veterans’ romantic relationships
Keeling, M., & Sharratt, N. D. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2026499 · Cited by 13
Muscle Dysmorphia and Eating Disorders: Comparison on Self-Esteem and Personality Traits
Rodrigue, C., Isabelle, L., Turcotte, O., & Bégin, C. (2018) · International Journal of Psychology and Psychoanalysis · doi:10.23937/2572-4037.1510037 · Cited by 13
“In today’s society, men are facing important social pressures to reach a muscular and lean body [1-3].”
BackgroundCampbell, J. T., Bennett‐Brown, M., Kaufman, E. M., Gesselman, A. N., Frederick, D. A., Garcia, J. R., & Mark, K. P. (2024) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2024.2310705 · Cited by 8
“Not surprisingly, many men are dissatisfied with their muscle tone and size (Frederick et al., 2007; Murnen & Karazsia, 2017).”
Jankauskienė, R., & Bacevičienė, M. (2020) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-00996-3 · Cited by 10
“These findings are in line with those of other studies demonstrating an association between internalization of the muscular ideal, the drive for muscularity, and disordered eating in men [24, 26, 42].”
BackgroundResultNielson, M. G., Tolman, D. L., Martin, C. L., & Fraser, A. M. (2023) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316231176961 · Cited by 7
“When dealing with appearance, this expectation can take the form of the muscular ideal which is typi fi ed by lean, muscular bodies (for a review, see Murnen & Karazsia, 2017).”
InfluentialBaker, A., & Blanchard, C. M. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.75187 · Cited by 8
“Ultimately, the notion that body image is a predominantly female-oriented domain has lifted given that current evidence suggests that males are approaching parity in terms of the pervasiveness of body dissatisfaction and body dysmorphia [13, 14].”
BackgroundAssociations of Weight Bias with Disordered Eating among Latino and White Men
Lydecker, J. A., Cotter, E., & Grilo, C. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22632 · Cited by 6
“Thus, the relationship between eating/ weight-related psychopathology and body size appears more nuanced in men although rates of body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity remain high (20).”
BackgroundHearing vs. engaging in negative body talk: an examination of adult men
Lin, L., Flynn, M. A., & Roberge, A. (2019) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2018.1560851 · Cited by 6
Nagata, J. M., Otmar, C. D., Kim, A. E., Compte, E. J., Lavender, J. M., Brown, T. A., Forbush, K. T., Flentje, A., Lubensky, M. E., Lunn, M. R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01277-z · Cited by 5
“In contrast, muscle dysmor-phia and the pursuit of muscularity are more prevalent among men, particularly cisgender gay men [57], due to societal ideals that emphasize a muscular physique [58].”
Monocello, L. T. (2022) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12518 · Cited by 6
The drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders: English literature review
Chaba, L., Scoffier‐Mériaux, S., Lentillon‐Kaestner, V., & d’Arripe-Longueville, F. (2018) · Staps · doi:10.3917/sta.119.0065 · Cited by 5
“Une première catégorie 90 identifie la DM comme TCA chez les hommes (e.g., Chapman & Woodman, 2015 ; Leone et 91 al., 2005 ; Mitchison & Mond, 2015 ; Murnen & Karazsia, 2017), ou répertorie les outils de 92 mesure de la recherche de prise de masse musculaire (e.g., Edwards, Tod, & Molnar, 2014).”
BackgroundO’Gorman, B., Sheffield, J. K., Anderson, L. E., & Griffiths, S. (2019) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000228 · Cited by 4
“Thin & waif-like”: body image and body ideals in gender-expansive adults
Biefeld, S. D., Mays, K., & Brown, C. S. (2025) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2025.2552808 · Cited by 3
He, J., Chen, X., Barnhart, W. R., Fu, Y., Cui, S., Jiang, Z., Wu, S., Nagata, J. M., & Chen, C. (2025) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24419 · Cited by 2
Johnson, K. K. P., & Lennon, S. J. (2022) · Fashion Style & Popular Culture · doi:10.1386/fspc_00110_1 · Cited by 2
Bourke, M., Pogrmilović, B. K., Dash, S. R., Pila, E., & Hosking, W. (2023) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2023.2214152 · Cited by 3
“There has been a recent proliferation of research focusing on men ’ s body image experiences (Murnen & Karazsia, 2017).”
Li, Z., Talleyrand, R. M., & Sansbury, A. B. (2024) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2024.2396825 · Cited by 3
“While addressing men ’ s body image concerns, the academic discourse predominantly emphasizes the signi fi cance of muscularity (Murnen and Karazsia 2017).”
Gesselman, A. N., Kaufman, E. M., Campbell, J. T., Bennett‐Brown, M., Osorio, M. B., Smith, C. R., Piazza, M., & Moscovici, Z. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318727 · Cited by 1
“Several participants noted a shift in perspective specifically regarding their genitalia, aligning with existing literature on concerns about penis size among men [14,16].”
Early intervention for eating disorders: a call to action for inclusion of minoritized groups
Egbert, A. H., & Schram, S. J. (2025) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2025.2564947 · Cited by 3
Maes, C., Ladd, B. A., & Maheux, A. J. (2026) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.70077 · Cited by 1
Woldetinsae, L., Vafaei, A., & Phillips, S. P. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-026-01229-3 · Cited by 1
Weight-Related Selves and Their Relationship With Body Mass Index Among Young Individuals in Curaçao
Dijkstra, P., van Brummen-Girigori, O. J., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2019) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798419865402 · Cited by 1
“In men, the relation between BMI and weight-related selves is somewhat more nuanced (Murnen & Karazsia, 2017).”
BackgroundHerkov, D., & Erceg, I. (2019) · Klinička psihologija · doi:10.21465/2019-kp-1-2-0003
The Impact of Self-Perceived Facial Attractiveness on Webcam Use
Luse, A., Burkman, J., & Stewart, E. (2022) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2022.2143454 · Cited by 1
“a well-toned, more muscular or athletic body, then they would be more confident in their appearance.(36,37) Men who place greater importance on working out and maintaining a diet are more satisfied with their appearance as”
Perfectionism and Body Image in a Group of Young Women and Men
Rębacz, W., Wikiera, K., Wikiera, K., & Mącik, D. (2024) · Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia · doi:10.17951/j.2023.36.4.203-220 · Cited by 1
Appearance-based praise and criticism: does the source matter?
Lin, L., Roberge, A., & Flynn, M. A. (2020) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2020.1796616 · Cited by 1
A content analysis of muscularity research, part 1: Research strategy and participants’ demographics
Lennon, S. J., & Johnson, K. K. P. (2022) · Fashion Style & Popular Culture · doi:10.1386/fspc_00109_1
Kane, K. A. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9khxa · Cited by 1
Embodied renegotiation: Redefining male body image through yoga in Korea.
Kim, J., & Heo, J. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102035 · Cited by 1
Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise in Men with Symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia
SantaBarbara, N. J. (2019) · doi:10.7916/d8-kncj-pk53
Piatkowski, T. M. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.205442
Ito, N., Hasegawa, A., Adachi, M., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/chfzt
Gender Differences in Coolness Dynamics Among Early and Middle Adolescents
Bocskor, Á. (2024) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316241281981
“Importantly, what counts as physically attractive is culturally de fi ned and may show gendered patterns (Murnen & Karazsia, 2017).”
Speight, A. (2025) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.29370641 · Cited by 3
Drive for Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (DMAQ)
Morrison, T. G., & Morrison, M. A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009398275.069
Emotional eating, self-compassion, and body image among adult men in Türkiye
Sahin, C., & Çağlar, E. E. (2026) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1820596
Metadata
- Authors
- Murnen, S. K., & Karazsia, B. T.
- Affiliations
- Kenyon College (US)
- College of Wooster (US)
- ORCID
- Murnen, Sarah K.
- Venue
- The psychology of men and masculinities.
- Publisher
- American Psychological Association
- Published
- 2017
- Pages
- 229-257
- OpenAlex
- W2588169836
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 34.98
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychological Association eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- men's body image, drive for muscularity, masculinity, body dissatisfaction
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