Cited by 108Student Assessment and FeedbackEducational Assessment and PedagogyPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Education and distributive justice: Some reflections on grading systems.

Deutsch, Morton·1979·American Psychologist

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0003-066x.34.5.391

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Students depend on grades because grades are determined by an external source and students have limited control over the quality of the grade, grading being explicitly or implicitly normative.

    “students depend on grades (Covington & Mu ¨eller, 2001), as grades are determined by an external source and students have limited control over the quality of the grade, grading being explicitly or implicitly normative in nature (Deutsch, 1979; Thorndike, 1913)”
  • Grades have a manifest function as a tool of socialization used to prepare students for the competitive, meritocratic world of adult professional life.

    “Deutsch (1979), who posited that grades have a manifest function as a tool of socialization used to prepare students for the competitive, meritocratic world of adult professional life.”

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 15 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Deutsch, M.
Affiliations
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author
Deutsch, Morton
Venue
American Psychologist
Published
1979-05
Volume
34
Issue
5
Pages
391-401
ISSN
  • 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-990X
OpenAlex
W1978981303
Cited by
108
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
FWCI
7.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
  • Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Pedagogy
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
grading system, distributive justice, educational equity, student assessment, grading practices

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review