Cited by 1,208Eating Disorders and BehaviorsObesity, Physical Activity, DietObesity and Health Practices

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Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer.

Mann, Traci, Tomiyama, A. Janet, Westling, Erika, Lew, Ann-Marie, Samuels, Barbra, Chatman, Jason·2007·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.220

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Abstract

The prevalence of obesity and its associated health problems have increased sharply in the past 2 decades. New revisions to Medicare policy will allow funding for obesity treatments of proven efficacy. The authors review studies of the long-term outcomes of calorie-restricting diets to assess whether dieting is an effective treatment for obesity. These studies show that one third to two thirds of dieters regain more weight than they lost on their diets, and these studies likely underestimate the extent to which dieting is counterproductive because of several methodological problems, all of which bias the studies toward showing successful weight loss maintenance. In addition, the studies do not provide consistent evidence that dieting results in significant health improvements, regardless of weight change. In sum, there is little support for the notion that diets lead to lasting weight loss or health benefits.

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“However, the focus on weight loss services may be counterproductive as there is a paucity of evidence to demonstrate the long-term effectiveness of intentional weight loss [3] whilst the focus on thinness as a route to health can potentially reinforce weight stigma [4].”
Background
Does hypnosis result in greater weight loss compared to conventional approach?
Roslim, N. A., Ahmad, A., Mansor, M. B., Aung, M. M. T., Hamzah, F., Shahril, M. R., & Lua, P. L. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.2021.2010642 · Cited by 2
“…calorie intake or increased physical activity); however, this conventional approach is typically ineffective, and most individuals struggle to achieve and sustain clinically healthy weight loss for the long-term (Abdul Manaf, Ahmad, & Mohd Yusoff, 2018; Bellicha et al., 2021; Mann et al., 2007).”
Background
The relationship between intuitive eating, eating disorders, and body image perceptions in young adult women
Koçyiğit, E., Uzunlar, E. A., Özer, Ş. D., Zakkour, H. K., & Akbulut, G. (2022) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.3233/mnm-211583 · Cited by 2
“They may also develop weight ﬂuctuations [4], low self-esteem [5, 6], depression [7], and eating disorder symptoms [8] as a result of restrictive diets.”
Out of the Box
Cannon, G. (2007) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898000780989x · Cited by 2
The Extent of Lifestyle-Induced Weight Loss Determines the Risk of Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome Recurrence during a 5-Year Follow-Up
Zimmermann, S., Vogel, M., Mathew, A., Ebert, T., Rana, R., Jiang, S., Isermann, B., & Biemann, R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153060 · Cited by 2
Contrasts of Initial and Gain Scores in Obesity Treatment–Targeted Psychosocial Variables by Women Participants' Weight Change Patterns Over 2 Years
Annesi, J. J., & Stewart, F. A. (2022) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000348 · Cited by 2
It is time to stop counting calories, and time instead to promote dietary changes that substantially and rapidly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
Malhotra, A., DiNicolantonio, J. J., & Capewell, S. (2015) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2015-000273 · Cited by 2
Does an Effective Theoretically Based Weight Loss Treatment for Middle-Aged Women Work for Young Women?
Johnson, P. H., & Annesi, J. J. (2017) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2017.1358121 · Cited by 2
Exercise in the Treatment of Obesity
Sayer, R. D., & Hill, J. O. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47685-8_29-3 · Cited by 3
Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Obesity
de Lannoy, L., & Ross, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04816-7_14 · Cited by 1
Intuitive eating in relation to other eating patterns and psychosocial correlates
Bruce, L. J. (2017) · Figshare · Cited by 2
ImpulsePal: Developing a Smartphone App to Manage Food Temptations using Intervention Mapping. (Preprint)Preprint
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The impact of obesity on national and homeland security
O’Connor, D. W. (2013) · Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School) · Cited by 2
Weight-based stigma/discrimination and disordered eating: exploring the mechanisms in obese adults and normal-weight undergraduates
Friedman, A. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14656833 · Cited by 1
Provjera biopsihosocijalnog modela ortoreksije
Blažev, D. (2023) · doi:10.17234/diss.2023.8734 · Cited by 3
Non‐Dieting Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity
Napolitano, M. A., & Foster, G. D. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394323142.ch16 · Cited by 2
‘I don't know which is the chicken and which is the egg’: A qualitative study of weight loss‐related beliefs and behaviours among adults with psoriasis and comorbid obesity
Pavlova, N. T., Ramasawmy, C., Picariello, F., Smith, C. H., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2022) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12639 · Cited by 2
At the Same Table: A Delphi Consensus-Based Model of Health-Promoting Eating Behaviors
Rodgers, R. F., Goutama, V., & Sonneville, K. R. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15163601 · Cited by 2
The Fight of Female Chefs Against Gender Discrimination: Case of Izmir
Nazlı, M., & Güloğlu, S. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub400.c1839 · Cited by 1
Gewichtneutrale Ansätze zur Behandlung von Adipositas
Gisch, U. A., & Bilic, T. (2025) · Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-2522-7423 · Cited by 1
Precision nutrition for the improvement of health outcomes: An overview
Wichansawakun, S., & Nunthanawanich, P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22300-6.00053-x · Cited by 1
Establishing Directionality in the Self-Regulation-Self-Efficacy Change Relationship to Best Leverage Theory Within Cognitive-Behavioral vs. Educational Obesity Treatment
Annesi, J. J., & Bakhshi, M. (2025) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0000000000000571 · Cited by 1
Self‐Reported Attention to Positive Versus Negative Nutrients During Breakfast Cereal Selection Is Associated With Healthier Food Choice
Gustafson, C. R., Gitungwa, H., & Rose, D. J. (2025) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.70025 · Cited by 1
“Indeed, restrictive dieting to reduce body weight can have unintended effects of promoting guilty feelings, increasing weight gain, and distorting body image (Broers et al. 2021; Mann et al. 2007; Van Strien et al. 2014).”
Lifestyle Change Interventions: Effectiveness of REWIND, a Virtual, Community‐Based Weight Management Program
Rothberg, A. E., Ye, W., Miller, N., & Rizza, R. A. (2025) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.70092 · Cited by 1

Authors: Mann, T., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., Lew, A.-M., Samuels, B., & Chatman, J.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Mann, Traci
Tomiyama, A. Janet
Westling, Erika
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 62
Issue: 3
Pages: 220-233
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.220
OpenAlex: W2090491403
Semantic Scholar: 08fd329f4ec6d46d528ad437c1859d734af02396
Cited by: 1,208
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 69
FWCI: 44.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01 63795)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
Keywords: obesity treatment, Medicare policy, weight regain, weight loss maintenance, long-term outcomes
MeSH terms: Diet Therapy, Medicare, Humans, Obesity, United States, Treatment Outcome

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Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer.

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