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Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer.
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and its associated health problems have increased sharply in the past 2 decades. New revisions to Medicare policy will allow funding for obesity treatments of proven efficacy. The authors review studies of the long-term outcomes of calorie-restricting diets to assess whether dieting is an effective treatment for obesity. These studies show that one third to two thirds of dieters regain more weight than they lost on their diets, and these studies likely underestimate the extent to which dieting is counterproductive because of several methodological problems, all of which bias the studies toward showing successful weight loss maintenance. In addition, the studies do not provide consistent evidence that dieting results in significant health improvements, regardless of weight change. In sum, there is little support for the notion that diets lead to lasting weight loss or health benefits.
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“weight loss interventions may not be sustainable and potentially lead to greater risk in the long term [55,56,57,58,59].”
From Moving beyond Weight: A Narrative Review of the Dietary and Lifestyle Management for Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
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“the sustainability of weight loss interventions has been questioned [55,56,57], and weight cycling has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease [58,59]”
From Moving beyond Weight: A Narrative Review of the Dietary and Lifestyle Management for Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
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“However, not all patients benefit from this treatment and, according to Jefferey et al. (2000) [55] and Mann et al. (2007) [56], some patients do not improve after treatment and others relapse in the long term.”
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Madsbad, S. (2014) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12119 · Cited by 146
“However, long-term weight loss is often difficult to achieve, and maintain, through diet and exercise alone [9], and the treatment options available to aid or maintain weight loss in obese individuals are scarce.”
BackgroundTylka, T. L., Calogero, R. M., & Daníelsdóttir, S. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.004 · Cited by 144
“In general, eating restraint does not lead to long-term weight reduction, a trend that is especially noticeable within methodologically sound studies (Mann et al., 2007).”
BackgroundImpact of Non-Diet Approaches on Attitudes, Behaviors, and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Clifford, D. E., Ozier, A. D., Bundros, J., Moore, J. L., Kreiser, A., & Morris, M. N. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2014.12.002 · Cited by 160
Food Addiction: Implications for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Overeating
Adams, R. C., Sedgmond, J., Maizey, L., Chambers, C., & Lawrence, N. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092086 · Cited by 158
“Critically, even those who have undergone weight loss treatment often fail to lose weight or gain weight following intervention [46,48,50,51].”
BackgroundUlian, M. D., Aburad, L., Oliveira, M. S. D. S., Poppe, A., Sabatini, F., Pérez, I., Gualano, B., Benatti, F. B., Pinto, A. J., Roble, O. J., et al. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12749 · Cited by 142
The Importance of Energy Balance
Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H. R., & Peters, J. C. (2010) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2013.09.02.111 · Cited by 158
Leahey, T. M., Crowther, J. H., & Irwin, S. R. (2008) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.01.004 · Cited by 127
“Treatments for obesity, such as behavior therapy, lowcalorie diets, exercise programs, and psychopharmacology, often produce only moderate, temporary effects (Mann et al., 2007; Wadden, 1993).”
BackgroundPath analysis of exercise treatment-induced changes in psychological factors leading to weight loss
Annesi, J. J., & Marti, C. N. (2011) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2010.534167 · Cited by 140
“As individuals conclude a predictable phase of weight loss (often 4–6 months after initiating reduced calorie eating; Jeffery et al., 2000; Mann et al., 2007), the ensuing plateau may cause psychological distress that challenges one’s confidence (as naturally occurring reinforcers such as social approval, lower weight…”
BackgroundInfluentialRestrained eating and BMI: A longitudinal study among adolescents.
Snoek, H. M., van Strien, T., Janssens, J., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.753 · Cited by 130
Pathological overeating: emerging evidence for a compulsivity construct
Moore, C. F., Sabino, V., Koob, G. F., & Cottone, P. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.269 · Cited by 126
“…negative affect and, in turn, hypothesized to drive compulsive eating through a negative reinforcement mechanism, abstaining from calorie-dense food also often implicates caloric restriction, which has wellknown effects on rebound binge eating and weight gain (Stice et al, 2008; Mann et al, 2007).”
Papies, E. K., Potjes, I., Keesman, M., Schwinghammer, S. A., & van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.136 · Cited by 129
Diabetes: Have We Got It All Wrong?
Corkey, B. E. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0825 · Cited by 133
“In a review of studies of the long-term outcomes of diets to determine if dieting is an effective therapy for obesity, it was found that one-third to two-thirds of dieters regain more weight than they lost on their diets (8).”
BackgroundMason, A. E., Epel, E. S., Aschbacher, K., Lustig, R. H., Acree, M., Kristeller, J., Cohn, M., Dallman, M., Moran, P. J., Bacchetti, P., et al. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.009 · Cited by 125
“Daubenmier@ Lifestyle interventions using diet and exercise are first-line treatments for obesity; however, these interventions tend to result in poor long-termweight loss (Barte et al., 2010; Mann et al., 2007; Wadden, Butryn, & Byrne, 2004; Wu, Gao, Chen, & Van Dam, 2009).”
Thoolen, B. J., Ridder, D. D., Bensing, J., Gorter, K., & Rutten, G. (2009) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440701864504 · Cited by 127
“The weight loss at nine month follow-up is heartening; but recent studies suggest that a longer follow-up is necessary to examine if patients truly are able to maintain their weight loss (Mann et al., 2007).”
BackgroundA Cognitive Profile of Obesity and Its Translation into New Interventions
Jansen, A. T. M., Houben, K., & Roefs, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01807 · Cited by 135
Stigma in Practice: Barriers to Health for Fat Women
Lee, J., & Pausé, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02063 · Cited by 152
“The evidence that prescribing weight loss does not work has been available for many years now (Miller, 1999; Howard et al., 2006; Mann et al., 2007).”
BackgroundProvencher, V., Bégin, C., Tremblay, A., Mongeau, L., Corneau, L., Dodin, S., Boivin, S., & Lemieux, S. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.08.017 · Cited by 126
Obesity as a disease state: A new paradigm for diagnosis and treatment
Aronne, L. J., Nelinson, D. S., & Lillo, J. L. (2009) · Clinical cornerstone · doi:10.1016/s1098-3597(09)80002-1 · Cited by 136
Anton, S., Hida, A., Heekin, K., Sowalsky, K., Karabetian, C., Mutchie, H., Leeuwenburgh, C., Manini, T., & Barnett, T. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080822 · Cited by 125
“Against the backdrop of the obesity epidemic and the inability of most individuals to sustain weight loss induced by calorie-restricted diets [1], alternative dietary approaches to achieve shortand long-term weight loss have become of increasing scientific interest [2].”
BackgroundWork or Fun? How Task Construal and Completion Influence Regulatory Behavior
Laran, J., & Janiszewski, C. A. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/656576 · Cited by 133
“This might explain why the average dieter is 11 pounds heavier than their prediet weight 5 years after successful weight loss (Mann et al. 2007).”
Powell, L. H., Calvin, J. E., & Calvin, J. E. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.234 · Cited by 130
Camilleri, G. M., Méjean, C., Bellisle, F., Andreeva, V. A., Sautron, V., Herçberg, S., & Péneau, S. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.009 · Cited by 121
Spivak, H., Abdelmelek, M. F., Beltran, O. R., Ng, A. W., & Kitahama, S. (2012) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-011-2125-z · Cited by 115
“Because medical, behavioral, and nutritional weight loss management methods have a low success rate [3], weight”
BackgroundSelf-Perception of Overweight and Obesity: A Review of Mental and Physical Health Outcomes
Robinson, E., Haynes, A., Sutin, A., & Daly, M. (2020) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.424 · Cited by 116
“and people who attempt to lose weight will often end up gaining more weight than if they had not attempted weight loss.(61) Likewise, backfiring weight-loss attempts may promote unhealthy coping strate-”
BackgroundReducing Calorie Intake May Not Help You Lose Body Weight
Benton, D., & Young, H. A. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617690878 · Cited by 112
“In fact an examination of the long-term consequences of lowcalorie diets found that between one third and two thirds of dieters regained more weight than they lost initially (Mann et al., 2007).”
BackgroundTurnwald, B. P., & Crum, A. J. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.11.021 · Cited by 126
“, 2013; Metcalfe and Mischel, 1999), a challenging and often unsuccessful strategy in the moment of food choice (Hofmann et al., 2010; Mann et al., 2015; Mann et al., 2007), particularly for individuals trying to control their weight (Hofmann et al.”
BackgroundNatural antidotes and management of metal toxicity
Amadi, C. N., Offor, S. J., Frazzoli, C., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05104-2 · Cited by 120
Buffering against weight gain following dieting setbacks: An implicit theory intervention
Burnette, J. L., & Finkel, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.020 · Cited by 129
Artiles, R. F., Staub, K., Aldakak, L., Eppenberger, P., Rühli, F. J., & Bender, N. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12918 · Cited by 111
“Furthermore, there is evidence that repeated dietary interventions may adversely affect both physical and mental health.(5-9) More recently, mindful eating as an alternative weight management strategy has gained increasing attention.”
BackgroundAs Pleasure Unfolds: Hedonic Responses to Tempting Food
Hofmann, W., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Stroebe, W., Ramanathan, S., & Aarts, H. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610389186 · Cited by 110
“…dieters, also referred to as restrained eaters (Herman & Polivy, 1980), are generally highly motivated to restrict food intake in order to control body weight, only a few succeed in losing weight and in maintaining weight losses over significant periods of time (Mann et al., 2007; Stroebe, 2008).”
BackgroundBush, H. E., Rossy, L. A., Mintz, L. B., & Schopp, L. H. (2013) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.120404-quan-186 · Cited by 122
“Second, diet programs focusing on caloric restriction are ineffective, as many of these programs produce only moderate, temporary weight loss and contribute to adverse health consequences associated with weight cycling.(18,19) A meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials and long-term weight-loss studies found t…”
BackgroundCalogero, R. M., Tylka, T. L., Mensinger, J. L., Meadows, A., & Daníelsdóttir, S. (2018) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2018.1524067 · Cited by 109
Metadata
- Authors
- Mann, T., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., Lew, A.-M., Samuels, B., & Chatman, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 220-233
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2090491403
- Semantic Scholar
- 08fd329f4ec6d46d528ad437c1859d734af02396
- Cited by
- 1,208
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 44.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 63795)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Keywords
- obesity treatment, Medicare policy, weight regain, weight loss maintenance, long-term outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Diet Therapy, Medicare, Humans, Obesity, United States, Treatment Outcome
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