The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relationship between accuracy of prior description and facial recognition.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, there is support for the notion that measures of facial recognition and facial recall are independent, uncorrelated (Bothwell et al., 1987; Jenkins & Davies, 1985; Pigott & Brigham, 1985; Pigott, Brigham, & Bothwell, 1990).”
From A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory (2004) · cites this paper as Pigott & Brigham, 1985
Citations
Cites
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 26,755
Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.
Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0020071 · Cited by 4,540
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Zechmeister, E. B., Gruneberg, M. M., Morris, P. E., & Sykes, R. N. (1980) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422245 · Cited by 1,528
Eyewitness testimony : psychological perspectives
Wells, G. L., & Loftus, E. F. (1984) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 590
Depth of processing pictures of faces and recognition memory.
Bower, G. H., & Karlin, M. B. (1974) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037190 · Cited by 450
Retrieval independence in recognition and recall.
Flexser, A. J., & Tulving, E. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.3.153 · Cited by 375
Eyewitness identification: Lineup instructions and the absence of the offender.
Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1981) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.66.4.482 · Cited by 369
Eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Can we infer anything about their relationship?
Deffenbacher, K. A. (1980) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01040617 · Cited by 315
The tractability of eyewitness confidence and its implications for triers of fact.
Wells, G. L., Ferguson, T. J., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1981) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.66.6.688 · Cited by 238
Cited by
Eyewitness identification procedures: Recommendations for lineups and photospreads.
Wells, G. L., Small, M., Penrod, S., Malpass, R. S., Fulero, S. M., & Brimacombe, C. A. E. (1998) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1025750605807 · Cited by 842
Verbal overshadowing of visual memories: Some things are better left unsaid
Schooler, J. W., & Engstler-Schooler, T. Y. (1990) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(90)90003-m · Cited by 794
Sporer, S. L., Penrod, S., Read, D., & Cutler, B. L. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.118.3.315 · Cited by 614
What do we know about eyewitness identification?
Wells, G. L. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.5.553 · Cited by 496
A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory
Deffenbacher, K. A., Bornstein, B. H., Penrod, S. D., & McGorty, E. K. (2004) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-004-0565-x · Cited by 489
Correlation of eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Optimality hypothesis revisited.
Bothwell, R. K., Deffenbacher, K. A., & Brigham, J. C. (1987) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.4.691 · Cited by 328
Self-citationFrom the lab to the police station: A successful application of eyewitness research.
Wells, G. L., Malpass, R. S., Lindsay, R. C. L., Fisher, R. P., Turtle, J. W., & Fulero, S. M. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.581 · Cited by 280
Trivial persuasion in the courtroom: The power of (a few) minor details.
Bell, B. E., & Loftus, E. F. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.5.669 · Cited by 272
Sporer, S. L. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.22 · Cited by 245
The selection of distractors for eyewitness lineups.
Wells, G. L., Rydell, S. M., & Seelau, E. P. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.835 · Cited by 221
The reliability of eyewitness identification: The role of system and estimator variables.
Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S., & Martens, T. K. (1987) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01044644 · Cited by 219
Eyewitness identification and the selection of distracters for lineups.
Lüüs, C. A. E., & Wells, G. L. (1991) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01044829 · Cited by 217
Witness confidence and witness accuracy: Assessing their forensic relation.
Penrod, S., & Cutler, B. L. (1995) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.1.4.817 · Cited by 212
Verbal vulnerability of perceptual expertise.
Fallshore, M., & Schooler, J. W. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.21.6.1608 · Cited by 210
Sporer, S. L. (1992) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420220205 · Cited by 148
A memory and decision model for eyewitness identification
Clark, S. E. (2003) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.891 · Cited by 143
Wells, G. L., & Quinlivan, D. S. (2008) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-008-9130-3 · Cited by 125
Voice identification of an abductor
Yarmey, A. D., & Matthys, E. (1992) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2350060502 · Cited by 113
Bornstein, B. H., Deffenbacher, K. A., Penrod, S., & McGorty, E. K. (2012) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2010.508458 · Cited by 88
Eyewitness testimony of children in target-present and target-absent lineups.
Parker, J. F., & Carranza, L. E. (1989) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01055920 · Cited by 88
Clark, S. E., & Tunnicliff, J. L. (2001) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1010753809988 · Cited by 86
Person Descriptions as Eyewitness Evidence
Meissner, C. A., Sporer, S. L., & Schooler, J. W. (2007) · doi:10.4324/9781315805535.ch1 · Cited by 80
Descriptions and identifications of strangers by youth and adult eyewitnesses.
Pozzulo, J., & Warren, K. L. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.315 · Cited by 80
A Maturing of Research on the Behaviour of Eyewitnesses
Deffenbacher, K. A. (1991) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2350050502 · Cited by 79
Descriptions of distinctive and non-distinctive voices over time
Yarmey, A. D. (1991) · Journal of the Forensic Science Society · doi:10.1016/s0015-7368(91)73183-6 · Cited by 78
Earwitness descriptions and speaker identification
Yarmey, A. D. (2001) · International Journal of Speech Language and the Law · doi:10.1558/sll.2001.8.1.113 · Cited by 76
Meissner, C. A., Sporer, S. L., & Susa, K. J. (2008) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440701728581 · Cited by 73
The wildcard: A simple technique for improving children's target‐absent lineup performance
Zajac, R., & Karageorge, A. (2008) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1511 · Cited by 67
Eyewitness identification: Psychological research and legal policy on lineups.
Wells, G. L., & Seelau, E. P. (1995) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037//1076-8971.1.4.765 · Cited by 66
EYEWITNESS RECALL AND PHOTO IDENTIFICATION: A FIELD EXPERIMENT
Yarmey, A. D. (2003) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316021000058379 · Cited by 58
Brigham, J. C. (1990) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1101_7 · Cited by 55
Self-citationConcerns about the application of research findings: The issue of ecological validity.
Yuille, J. C., & Wells, G. L. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10097-007 · Cited by 54
The Confidence‐Accuracy Relationship: The Effects of Confidence Assessment and Choosing1
Fleet, M. L., Brigham, J. C., & Bothwell, R. K. (1987) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1987.tb00308.x · Cited by 54
Self-citationLeippe, M. R., Eisenstadt, D., & Rauch, S. M. (2008) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-008-9135-y · Cited by 51
Enhancing lineup identification accuracy: Two codes are better than one.
Melara, R. D., DeWitt-Rickards, T. S., & O'Brien, T. P. (1989) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.74.5.706 · Cited by 49
Using mug shots to find suspects.
Lindsay, R. C. L., Nosworthy, G. J., Martin, R. L., & Martynuck, C. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.1.121 · Cited by 48
Applied aspects of the instructional bias effect in verbal overshadowing
Meissner, C. A. (2002) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.918 · Cited by 46
Identification of computer-generated facial composites.
Kovera, M. B., Penrod, S., Pappas, C., & Thill, D. L. (1997) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.235 · Cited by 46
Encoding Activity and Face Recognition
Coin, C., & Tiberghien, G. (1997) · Memory · doi:10.1080/741941479 · Cited by 46
The Effect of Mugshot Inspections on Eyewitness Identification Accuracy1
Brigham, J. C., & Cairns, D. L. (1988) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01214.x · Cited by 45
Self-citationContamination of facial memory through exposure to misleading composite pictures.
Jenkins, F., & Davies, G. (1985) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.70.1.164 · Cited by 44
Self-Monitoring and Eyewitness Accuracy
Hosch, H. M., & Platz, S. J. (1984) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167284102015 · Cited by 44
Selection of lineup foils by similarity to the suspect is likely to misfire.
Navon, D. (1992) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01044624 · Cited by 43
Deffenbacher, K. A., Cross, J. F., Handkins, R. E., Chance, J. E., Goldstein, A. G., Hammersley, R., & Read, J. D. (1989) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1989.10542967 · Cited by 38
Krug, K. S. (2007) · Cited by 36
Identification abilities of children: Does a verbal description hurt face recognition?
Memon, A., & Rose, R. A. (2002) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160208401817 · Cited by 29
Person descriptions and person identifications: Verbal overshadowing or recognition criterion shift?
Sauerland, M., Holub, F. E., & Sporer, S. L. (2008) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440701728417 · Cited by 28
Wilcock, R. A., Bull, R., & Vrij, A. (2007) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160600822212 · Cited by 28
Pozzulo, J., Lemieux, J. M. T., Wells, E. C., & McCuaig, H. J. (2006) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160500415539 · Cited by 28
Verbal and Visual Processes in Person Identification
Sporer, S. L. (1989) · Research in criminology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-86017-1_20 · Cited by 27
An examination of simultaneous lineup identification decision processes using eye tracking
Flowe, H. D., & Cottrell, G. W. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1711 · Cited by 26
Person descriptions as retrieval cues: Do they really help?
Sporer, S. L. (2007) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160701253986 · Cited by 26
Accuracy of eyewitnesses with a two-culprit crime: Testing a new identification procedure
Wells, E. C., & Pozzulo, J. (2005) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160500050666 · Cited by 25
Effect of photoarray exposure duration on eyewitness identification accuracy and processing strategy
Brewer, N., Gordon, M., & Bond, N. W. (2000) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160008410829 · Cited by 24
The Z Generation: Examining Perpetrator Descriptions and Lineup Identification Procedures
Pozzulo, J., Dempsey, J. L., & Pettalia, J. L. (2012) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-012-9107-5 · Cited by 22
Examining the relation between eyewitness recall and recognition for children and adults
Pozzulo, J., Dempsey, J. L., Crescini, C., & Lemieux, J. M. T. (2009) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160802279625 · Cited by 22
Parallelism in eyewitness and mock witness identifications
Corey, D. L., Malpass, R. S., & Mcquiston, D. E. (1999) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199911)13:1+ · Cited by 19
Rehearsal of faces and details in action events
Read, J. D., Hammersley, R., Cross‐Calvert, S., & McFadzen, E. (1989) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2350030403 · Cited by 19
Verbalization effects in facial composite production
Frowd, C. D., & Fields, S. (2011) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683161003623264 · Cited by 14
The Police Lineup: Basic Weaknesses, Radical Solutions
Levi, A. M., & Jungman, N. (1995) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854895022004001 · Cited by 14
The effects of different presentation methods on multi-ethnicity face recognition
Kask, K., & Bull, R. (2009) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160802131131 · Cited by 13
McQuiston‐Surrett, D., & Topp, L. D. (2008) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.55.3.195 · Cited by 11
McClure, K. A., & Shaw, J. S. (2002) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.802 · Cited by 5
Yarmey, A. D. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511730290.022 · Cited by 4
Eyewitness Memory and Aging Research: A Case Study in Everyday Memory
Adams‐Price, C. E., & Perlmutter, M. C. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9151-7_18 · Cited by 4
Testing a new lineup procedure with children: The elimination with wildcard
Thompson, L. E., Pozzulo, J., Pratt, K. J., Sheahan, C. L., Fraser, B. M., & Deweyert, C. E. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101161 · Cited by 3
Smalarz, L., Greathouse, S., Wells, G. L., & Newirth, K. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2077-8_3 · Cited by 3
Tell me what you saw: The usefulness of verbal descriptions for others
Tan, D. H., & Jiang, Y. V. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021820915356 · Cited by 2
Due Process Challenges to Eyewitness Identification Based on Pretrial Photographic Arrays
Mayer, C. (1994) · Pace law review · doi:10.58948/2331-3528.1416 · Cited by 2
Ensombrecimiento verbal de la descripción previa en la identificación de personas
Migueles, M., García‐Bajos, E., & Ibabe, I. (1999) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1174/02109390260288622 · Cited by 2
Joyce, S., & Frowd, C. D. (2025) · Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/jfp-07-2025-0073 · Cited by 1
The Role of Eyewitness Testimony in Exonerations: An Archival Study
Levi, A. M. (2013) · The Open Law Journal · doi:10.2174/1874950x20130528001 · Cited by 1
The applications of eyewitness identification research to the courtroom
Brigham, J. C. (1986) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3 · Cited by 1
Self-citationTrying to improve child and young adult witnesses' performance
Kask, K. (2008) · Figshare · Cited by 1
Adult witness credibility: Evidence for a two-factor model
Moore, A. E. (2012) · DigitalCommons@UTEP (The University of Texas at El Paso)
Kekessie, S. (2015) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc000090
The identification of assailants in sexual batteries
Myers, H. P. (1985) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02823245
Gender Biases in Eyewitness Memory: Recall and Recognition
Baker, M. A. (2015) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · doi:10.71889/5fylantbak.29861246
In support of a diversity of methods : eyewitness memory in actual cases of robbery and fraud
Tollestrup, P. A. (2009) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0087696
How do they know what they know? The case of eyewitnesses
Sauerland, M., & Justus Liebig University Giessen (2007) · University writing server of the Justus Liebig University Giessen (Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen) · doi:10.22029/jlupub-15407
Recounting a Memory: How it Changes Visual Memory and How Useful it is for Others
Tan, D. H. (2019) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
The Influence of Recall Instructions on the Verbal Overshadowing Effect
Baker, M. A. (2019)
Editor, N. B. T. P. –. A. (2011) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1781
Fox, E. (2009) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2009-08690
Juror judgments across description inconsistencies and multiple identifications
O'Neill, M. (2009) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2009-09363
The influence of acute alcohol intoxication and hair visibility on delayed face recall
Harvey, A. J., Bayless, S. J., Abbot, F., Jack, D., Cisowski, K., & Kelleher, H. (2025) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2024.2445614
Terrance (2000) · doi:10.1002/1099-0720(200007/08)14:4
Metadata
- Authors
- Pigott, M., & Brigham, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- ORCID
- Brigham, John C.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 1985-08
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 547-555
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W1996835618
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Keywords
- face recognition (cognition), eyewitness identification, face recognition accuracy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.