The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity.
Abstract
This study provided a comprehensive examination of the full range of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership. Results (based on 626 correlations from 87 sources) revealed an overall validity of .44 for transformational leadership, and this validity generalized over longitudinal and multisource designs. Contingent reward (.39) and laissez-faire (-.37) leadership had the next highest overall relations; management by exception (active and passive) was inconsistently related to the criteria. Surprisingly, there were several criteria for which contingent reward leadership had stronger relations than did transformational leadership. Furthermore, transformational leadership was strongly correlated with contingent reward (.80) and laissez-faire (-.65) leadership. Transformational and contingent reward leadership generally predicted criteria controlling for the other leadership dimensions, although transformational leadership failed to predict leader job performance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., & Ng, K. Y. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425 · Cited by 5,942
Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Steiger, J. H. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245 · Cited by 4,621 · cited 2×
“Thus, to determine whether the estimated mean validities for each leadership criterion were significantly different, we conducted the Steiger (1980) test, which takes dependency into account and allowed us to calculate a test statistic with a Student's t distribution .”
MethodTwo decades of research and development in transformational leadership
Bass, B. M. (1999) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/135943299398410 · Cited by 3,254
Hunter, J., & Schmidt, F. (2004) · doi:10.4135/9781412985031 · Cited by 3,023
THEORY TESTING: COMBINING PSYCHOMETRIC META‐ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS MODELING
VISWESVARAN, C., & ONES, D. S. (1995) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01784.x · Cited by 926
Cited by
Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure†
Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307308913 · Cited by 3,471
Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions
Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621 · Cited by 3,000
CHRISTIAN, M. S., GARZA, A. S., & SLAUGHTER, J. E. (2011) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x · Cited by 2,903
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams
Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Ilgen, D. R. (2006) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00030.x · Cited by 2,623
Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006 · Cited by 2,058
Metadata
- Authors
- Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 755-768
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2041204043
- Cited by
- 4,170
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 69.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755
- The paper
- Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
