The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: the implied communality deficit
Abstract
In 3 experimental studies, the authors tested the idea that penalties women incur for success in traditionally male areas arise from a perceived deficit in nurturing and socially sensitive communal attributes that is implied by their success. The authors therefore expected that providing information of communality would prevent these penalties. Results indicated that the negativity directed at successful female managers--in ratings of likability, interpersonal hostility, and boss desirability--was mitigated when there was indication that they were communal. This ameliorative effect occurred only when the information was clearly indicative of communal attributes (Study 1) and when it could be unambiguously attributed to the female manager (Study 2); furthermore, these penalties were averted when communality was conveyed by role information (motherhood status) or by behavior (Study 3). These findings support the idea that penalties for women's success in male domains result from the perceived violation of gender-stereotypic prescriptions.
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“Female leaders often find themselves in a double bind: highly communal women are criticized for being deficient leaders, and highly agentic women experience backlash for not being female enough (Eagly et al., 2014;Heilman, 2001;Heilman & Okimoto, 2007;Heilman, Wallen, Fuchs, & Tamkins, 2004;Rudman & Glick, 1999, 2001).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Heilman & Okimoto, 2007
Citations
Cites
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,590
Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.109.3.573 · Cited by 7,300
(1998) · Cited by 2,641
Heilman, M. E. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00234 · Cited by 2,482
Self-citationFiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991) · Cited by 2,341
Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women
Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00239 · Cited by 1,881
Rudman, L. A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.629 · Cited by 1,511
Penalties for Success: Reactions to Women Who Succeed at Male Gender-Typed Tasks.
Heilman, M. E., Wallen, A. S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M. M. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.416 · Cited by 1,390
Self-citationA Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women's Progress in Management
Schein, V. E. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00235 · Cited by 1,123
Sex bias in work settings: The Lack of Fit model.
Heilman, M. E. (1983) · Research in Organizational Behavior · Cited by 1,018
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Women Directors on Corporate Boards: A Review and Research Agenda
Terjesen, S. A., Sealy, R. H. V., & Singh, V. (2009) · Corporate Governance An International Review · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8683.2009.00742.x · Cited by 1,792
Gender stereotypes and workplace bias
Heilman, M. E. (2012) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003 · Cited by 1,840
Self-citationRudman, L. A., Moss‐Racusin, C. A., Phelan, J. E., & Nauts, S. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.008 · Cited by 1,336
Taking gender into account: theory and design for women's leadership development programs
Ely, R. J., Ibarra, H., & Kolb, D. M. (2011) · Academy of Management Learning & Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0046 · Cited by 1,003
Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny
Manne, K. (2017) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190604981.001.0001 · Cited by 791
Metadata
- Authors
- Heilman, M. E., & Okimoto, T. G.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 81-92
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W1984444903
- Cited by
- 999
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 68.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- women in male-dominated fields, gender stereotypes, nurturing, social sensitivity, women in management, likeability, interpersonal hostility
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adult, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Prejudice, Stereotyping
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