How “blind” are double-blind studies?
Abstract
Psychopharmacological studies usually attempt to eliminate "nonspecific" influences on outcome by double-blind designs. In a randomized, double-blind comparison of alprazolam, imipramine, and placebo, the great majority of panic disorder patients (N = 59) and their physicians were able to rate accurately whether active drug or placebo had been given. Moreover, physicians could distinguish between the two types of active drugs. Inasmuch as correct rating was possible halfway through treatment, concerns about the internal validity of the double-blind strategy arise.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Side effects associated with SSRIs can inadvertently reveal participants' group assignments, undermining the blind.
“In particular, side effects associated with SSRIs can inadvertently reveal participants' group assignments, undermining the blind.”
From Revisiting the SSRI vs. placebo debate in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: the role of expectancy effects, neural responsivity, and monoamine transporters (2025) · cites this paper as Margraf et al., 1991
Both patients and clinicians often correctly guess whether they are in the active drug or placebo group, likely enhancing responses in the drug group and reducing responses in the placebo group.
“Both patients and clinicians often correctly guess whether they are in the active drug or placebo group, likely enhancing responses in the drug group and reducing responses in the placebo group (Chen et al., 2011, 2015; Hróbjartsson et al., 2014; Margraf et al., 1991; Baethge et al., 2013).”
From Revisiting the SSRI vs. placebo debate in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: the role of expectancy effects, neural responsivity, and monoamine transporters (2025) · cites this paper as Margraf et al., 1991
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo: A meta-analysis of antidepressant medication.
Kirsch, I., & Sapirstein, G. (1998) · Prevention & Treatment · doi:10.1037/1522-3736.1.1.12a · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Mitte, K. (2005) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.003 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Is neurofeedback an efficacious treatment for ADHD? A randomised controlled clinical trial.
Gevensleben, H., Holl, B., Albrecht, B., Vogel, C., Schlamp, D., Kratz, O., Studer, P., Rothenberger, A., Moll, G., & Heinrich, H. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02033.x · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Factors that limit the quality, number and progress of randomised controlled trials
Prescott, Counsell, Gillespie, Grant, Russell, Kiauka, Colthart, Ross, Shepherd, & Russell (1999) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta3200 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Strehl, U., Leins, U., Goth, G., Klinger, C., Hinterberger, T., & Birbaumer, N. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2478 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The effect of opioids on phantom limb pain and cortical reorganization
Huse, E., Larbig, W., Flor, H., & Birbaumer, N. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00385-7 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Kotchoubey, B., Strehl, U., Uhlmann, C., Holzapfel, S., König, M., Fröscher, W., Blankenhorn, V., & Birbaumer, N. (2001) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.22200.x · Cited by 252 · see citing works
A Comparison of Fluvoxamine, Cognitive Therapy, and Placebo in the Treatment of Panic Disorder
Black, D. W. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820130046008 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Sham tDCS: A hidden source of variability? Reflections for further blinded, controlled trials
Fonteneau, C., Mondino, M., Arns, M., Baeken, C., Bikson, M., Brunoni, A. R., Burke, M. J., Neuvonen, T., Padberg, F., Pascual‐Leone, Á., et al. (2019) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.977 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Cardenas, D. D., Warms, C. A., Turner, J. A., Marshall, H. M., Brooke, M. M., & Loeser, J. D. (2002) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00483-3 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Placebo effect in the treatment of depression and anxiety
Kirsch, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00407 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
A Review of Neurofeedback Treatment for Pediatric ADHD
Lofthouse, N., Arnold, L. E., Hersch, S., Hurt, E. A., & deBeus, R. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711427530 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The power of nonspecific effects in healing: Implications for psychosocial and biological treatments
Roberts, A. H., Kewman, D. G., Mercier, L., & Hovell, M. (1993) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(93)90010-j · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Bang, H., Flaherty, S. P., Kolahi, J., & Park, J. (2010) · Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs · doi:10.3109/10601331003777444 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Psychotherapy versus medication for depression: Challenging the conventional wisdom with data.
Antonuccio, D. O., Danton, W. G., & DeNelsky, G. Y. (1995) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.26.6.574 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Antidepressants plus benzodiazepines for major depression
Furukawa, T. A., Streiner, D. L., Young, L. T., & Kinoshita, Y. (2001) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001026 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Bi, X., Lin, L. L., Chen, Z., & Ye, J. (2023) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202301243 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Pain, placebo, and test of treatment efficacy: a narrative review
Vase, L., & Wartolowska, K. A. (2019) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.01.040 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
A Meta-analytic Review of the Efficacy of Drug Treatment in Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Mitte, K., Noack, P., Steil, R., & Hautzinger, M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000155821.74832.f9 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Pain and the Placebo: What We Have Learned
Hoffman, G. A., Harrington, A., & Fields, H. L. (2005) · Perspectives in biology and medicine · doi:10.1353/pbm.2005.0054 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Are drug and placebo effects in depression additive?
Kirsch, I. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00832-5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Juul, S., Gluud, C., Simonsen, S., Frandsen, F. W., Kirsch, I., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2021) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111407 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Colagiuri, B. (2010) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774510367916 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Efficacy of static magnetic field therapy in chronic pelvic pain: A double-blind pilot study
Brown, C., Ling, F. W., Wan, J. Y., & Pilla, A. A. (2002) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2002.128026 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Raising Questions about Antidepressants
Antonuccio, D. O., Danton, W. G., DeNelsky, G. Y., Greenberg, R. P., & Gordon, J. S. (1999) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000012304 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Socially transmitted placebo effects
Chen, P.-H. A., Cheong, J. H., Jolly, E., Elhence, H., Wager, T. D., & Chang, L. J. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0749-5 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Neurofeedback in children with ADHD: validation and challenges
Gevensleben, H., Rothenberger, A., Moll, G. H., & Heinrich, H. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.22 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The hidden effects of blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trials: An experimental investigation
Rief, W., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.09.007 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults
Breilmann, J., Girlanda, F., Guaiana, G., Barbui, C., Cipriani, A., Castellazzi, M., Bighelli, I., Davies, S., Furukawa, T. A., & Koesters, M. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010677.pub2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Westra, H. A., & Stewart, S. H. (1998) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00084-6 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Turner, J. A., Jensen, M. P., Warms, C. A., & Cardenas, D. D. (2002) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00060-x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults
Bighelli, I., Castellazzi, M., Cipriani, A., Girlanda, F., Guaiana, G., Koesters, M., Turrini, G., Furukawa, T. A., & Barbui, C. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010676.pub2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The outcome problem in psychotherapy: What have we learned?
Eysenck, H. J. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90135-x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Combining Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatments for Obesity
Phelan, S., & Wadden, T. A. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.77 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Vase, L., Baram, S., Takakura, N., Takayama, M., Yajima, H., Kawase, A., Schuster, L., Kaptchuk, T. J., Schou, S., Jensen, T. S., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119612 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Response to placebo in clinical epilepsy trials—Old ideas and new insights
Goldenholz, D. M., & Goldenholz, S. R. (2016) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.02.002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A randomised placebo-controlled trial of a self-help Internet-based intervention for test anxiety
Orbach, G., Lindsay, S., & Grey, S. J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Double-blindness Procedures, Rater Blindness, and Ratings of Outcome
Başoğlu, M. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830200078011 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Nocebo vs. Placebo: The Challenges of Trial Design in Analgesia Research
Vase, L., Amanzio, M., & Price, D. D. (2015) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.31 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Placebo or Active Control Trials of Antipsychotic Drugs?
Fleischhacker, W. W., Czobor, P., Hummer, M., Kemmler, G., Kohnen, R., & Volavka, J. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.458 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Psychological factors affecting a medical condition
Ketterer, M. W., Mahr, G., & Goldberg, A. D. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00099-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Berna, C., Kirsch, I., Zion, S. R., Lee, Y., Jensen, K. B., Sadler, P., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Edwards, R. R. (2017) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000870 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Drug Treatment of Panic Disorder
Marks, I. M., Başoğlu, M., Noshirvani, H., Greist, J. H., Swinson, R. P., & O'Sullivan, G. H. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.162.6.795 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Perceived treatment, feedback, and placebo effects in double-blind RCTs: an experimental analysis
Colagiuri, B., & Boakes, R. A. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1743-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Gevensleben, H., Albrecht, B., Lütcke, H., Auer, T., Dewiputri, W. I., Schweizer, R., Moll, G. H., Heinrich, H., & Rothenberger, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00990 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rheker, J., Winkler, A., Doering, B. K., & Rief, W. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4466-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Jensen, J. S., Bielefeldt, A. Ø., & Hróbjartsson, A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.03.001 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Wilhelm, M., Rief, W., & Doering, B. K. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-018-9726-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Critical approach to antidepressant trials
EVEN, C., Siobud-Dorocant, E., & Dardennes, R. M. (2000) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.1.47 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Colagiuri, B., McGuinness, K., Boakes, R. A., & Butow, P. N. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112458730 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults
Bighelli, I., Trespidi, C., Castellazzi, M., Cipriani, A., Furukawa, T. A., Girlanda, F., Guaiana, G., Koesters, M., & Barbui, C. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011567.pub2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hieronymus, F., Lisinski, A., Nilsson, S., & Eriksson, E. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.147 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Placebo and Psychotherapy: Differences, Similarities, and Implications
Gaab, J., Locher, C., & Blease, C. R. (2018) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2018.01.013 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Näslund, J., Hieronymus, F., Lisinski, A., Nilsson, S., & Eriksson, E. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2017.24 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mooney, M. E., White, T., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2004) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Neurofeedback with Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
DeBeus, R. J., & Kaiser, D. A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-382235-2.00005-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Szigeti, B., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzøe, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34938-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Francesco Muntoni, A., Signorovitch, J., Sajeev, G., Goemans, N., Wong, B. L. Y., Tian, C., Mercuri, E. M., Done, N., Wong, H. E., Moss, J., et al. (2022) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2022.02.009 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Haas, J. W., Rief, W., Glombiewski, J. A., Winkler, A., & Doering, B. K. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.056 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Listening to Placebo in Clinical Trials for Female Sexual Dysfunction
Bradford, A. M. (2012) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02941.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Colagiuri, B., Sharpe, L., & Scott, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.09.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Blackwell, S. E., Woud, M. L., Margraf, J., & Schönbrodt, F. D. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619858071 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationHow “Blind” Are Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials of Benzodiazepine Hypnotics?
Morin, C. M., Colecchi, C. A., Brink, D., Astruc, M., Mercer, J., & Remsberg, S. (1995) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/18.4.240 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Expectancy in Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials: An Example from Alcohol Dependence
Colagiuri, B., Morley, K. C., Boakes, R. A., & Haber, P. (2009) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000206871 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Comment on the Second Phase of the Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study
Marks, I. M., Greist, J. H., Başoğlu, M., Noshirvani, H., & O'Sullivan, G. H. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000035583 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
von Glischinski, M., von Brachel, R., Thiele, C., & Hirschfeld, G. H. F. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.041 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rajagopal, S. (2006) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.30.5.185 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Reply to Comment on the London/Toronto Study
Marks, I. M., Swinson, R. P., Başoğlu, M., Noshirvani, H., Kuch, K., O'Sullivan, G. H., & Lelliott, P. T. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000180936 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lessons to be Learned from Placebo Arms in Psychopharmacology Trials
Doering, B. K., Rief, W., & Petrie, K. J. (2014) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44519-8_15 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Der Placeboeffekt in der antidepressiven Behandlung
Kirsch, I. (2016) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000443542 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
St John’s wort, conventional medication, and placebo: an egregious double standard
Kirsch, I. (2003) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0965-2299(03)00109-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Neurofeedback-Training bei Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS)
Gevensleben, H., Moll, G. H., & Heinrich, H. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000070 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Can insights from placebo and nocebo mechanisms studies improve the randomized controlled trial?
Vase, L. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2019-0183 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Goldenholz, D. M., & Goldenholz, S. R. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.033 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rethinking Clinical Trials and Personalized Medicine with Placebogenomics and Placebo Dose
Özdemir, V., & Endrényi, L. (2020) · OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2020.0208 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Turning a blind eye to double blind line‐ups
Wright, D. B., Carlucci, M. E., Evans, J. R., & Compo, N. S. (2009) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1592 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A treatment trial of an information package to help patients accept new dentures
McGuire, L., Millar, K., & Lindsay, S. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Raffa, S. D., Stoddard, J. A., White, K. S., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31817cf6f7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Maß, R., Backhaus, K., Lohrer, K., Szelies, M., & Unkelbach, B. K. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06417-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Risk Assessment and Preventive Hazard Minimization
Neubert, D. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012473270-4/50110-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Efficacy of sodium bicarbonate ingestion strategies for protecting blinding
Gurton, W. H., Matta, G., Gough, L. A., & Hurst, P. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05031-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Digiusto, E., & Rawstorne, P. (2013) · Sexual Health · doi:10.1071/sh12053 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Correa, J. B., Heckman, B. W., Marquinez, N. S., Drobes, D. J., Unrod, M., Roetzheim, R. G., & Brandon, T. H. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3420-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ethische Implikationen plazebokontrollierter Prüfungen von Psychopharmaka
Helmchen, H. (2005) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-005-1891-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Clinical Evaluation of Hovenia dulcis Extract Combinations for Effective Hangover Relief in Humans
Lee, K. W., Xu, G., Paik, D. H., Shim, Y. Y., Reaney, M. J. T., Park, I., Lee, S., Park, J.-Y., Park, E., Lee, S., et al. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13244021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chen, B., & Qiu, X. (2026) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d6ay00224b · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Thakur, B., Ayers, G. D., Atem, F., DeClercq, J. J., & Jain, N. B. (2023) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000002225 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Entwicklung und Beurteilung therapeutischer Interventionen
Jacobi, F. (2011) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13018-2_30 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Maß, R., Backhaus, K., Hestermann, D., Balzer, C., & Szelies, M. (2019) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152124 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Lesser of 2 Evils: The Ethics of Placebo-Controlled Trials
Streiner, D. L. (2008) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370805300705 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Changes in “withdrawal symptoms” following discontinuation of low-dose diazepam
Hayward, P., Wardle, J., Higgitt, A., & Gray, J. A. (1996) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02246023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Internal and External Validity of Intervention Studies
Moras, K. (1998) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00268-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Letter to the Editor: A comment on Lynch et al. (2009)
Lincoln, T. M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991838 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Impact of Observers on People’s Behavior
Zhang, T. (2024) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/50/20240957 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stimulus and Response Expectancies Influence the Cognitive Effects of Cigarettes
Kelemen, W. L. (2008) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1375/jsc.3.2.136 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Assessing the efficacy of antidepressants: The transactional paradigm
Wolfaardt, U., Reddon, J. R., & Joyce, A. S. (2005) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.12.024 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Are Medication-Free Periods Necessary for Phase 3 Trials of New Antipsychotic Drugs?
Volavka, J. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.3.280 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Potential Predictors of Placebo Response: Lessons from a Large Database
Entsuah, R., & Vinall, P. (2007) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/009286150704100304 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Evaluating Masking in a Randomized, Double‐Masked Clinical Trial in Children With Myopia
Dong, L., Hyman, L., Manny, R. E., Thomas, J., Dias, L., McLeod, J., Gwiazda, J. E., & The Comet Group (2006) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000195564.38235.39 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reinecker, H. S. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79541-4_4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Margraf, J., Ehlers, A., Roth, W. T., Clark, D. B., Sheikh, J., Agras, W. S., & Taylor, C. B.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 184-187
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W4242987884
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (40118)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- double-blind study, blinding, placebo effect, research bias
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alprazolam, Anxiety Disorders, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Imipramine, Male, Middle Aged, Panic, Placebos, Psychotherapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
