Comparing the process in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies.

“…all (e.g., Castonguay , Goldfried, Wiser, Raue, & Hayes, 1996; Feeley, DeRubeis , & Gelfand, 1999; Henry, Strupp, Butler, Schacht, & Binder, 1993; Jones & Pulos, 1993)—and correlational analyses have sometimes identified important but unexpected links between process and outcome, such as the…”

“Jones and Pulos (1993) found that the strategies of evocation of affect, and the bringing of troublesome feelings into awareness, were correlated positively with outcome in both cognitive-behavioral and dynamic therapies.”

“For example, cognitive-behavioral therapists often make explicit suggestions for in-session or outside-of-session activities, while psychodynamic-interpersonal therapists are hesitant to make specific suggestions because of their potential implications ( Jones & Pulos, 1993).”

“With new technologies for measuring what actually happens in treatment hours (Jones and Pulos, 1993; Ablon and Jones, 1998) and for assessing personality structure (Westen and Shedler, 1999a, 1999b), we are now in the position to discover and measure what clinicians are doing, what changes and what…”

“Using a slightly different scoring system, Mongrain and Zuroff (1989) found that the DAS subscales were differentially related to ratings by undergraduates of the stressfulness of interpersonal and achievement stressors.”

“Fourth, at times at least, outcome is associated with the use of unintended interventions or even a combination of both intended and unintended interventions (e.g., Jones & Pulos, 1993).”

“Jones and Pulos ( 1993 ) and Ablon and Jones ( 1998 , 1999 ), in process comparisons among cognitive–behavior therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy (PDT), and interpersonal therapy (IPT), found that therapist stances, activities, and techniques were generally consistent with the different theoretical recommendations fo…”

“Therapists’ connections between the therapeutic relationship and other relationships were also part of a set of psychodynamic techniques correlated with change in CBT (Ablon & Jones, 1998; Jones and Pulos, 1993).”

“…motivational, emotional, and conflictual aspects of this concept that have traditionally received less attention in CBT than in other orientations (see Blagys & Hilsenroth, 2000; Jones & Pulos, 1993), Safran has provided a conceptual basis to widen the scope of the cognitive interventions.”

“…challenge automatic thoughts, modify core beliefs, increase coping skills, and to offer encouragement and support, while psychodynamic techniques were used to maintain a nonjudgmental stance, evoke negative affective states, and to process the patient-therapist relationship (Jones & Pulos, 1993).”

“It has been used in research involving group comparison designs, in which Q-ratings of groups of cases (or hours) selected on some dimension of interest are compared (Jones and Pulos 1993; Ablon and Jones 2002), as well as in N = 1 designs (Jones and Windholz 1990).”

“We believed this was an important methodological issue to address because prior research has shown a few techniques historically understood to be psychodynamic in nature (either interventions distinctive to or emphasized significantly more in PI therapy than CB treatments; Blagys and Hilsenroth, 2000) employed within…”

“This would provide a more empirically based approach to conceptualizing psychotherapy, as an alternative to simply assuming that techniques differ because they derive from different theoretical perspectives and appear in different treatment packages (see, e.g., Jones & Pulos, 1993.”

“The contract itself may be quite different between a CBT and a psychodynamic treatment for depression, for instance, because in CBT the therapist is typically more didactic and directive than most psychodynamic treatments for depression (as in, for example, Jones and Pulos 1993).”

“Differences in theory clearly result in differences in therapy, as Jones and Pulos (1993) have demonstrated.”

“The differences between the models are not trivial, and partly reflect differences between psychodynamic and psychoeducational or cognitive behavioral therapies (Jones & Pulos, 1993).”

“Clearly, the question of specific efficacy is one of theoretical and practical importance (Jones and Pulos, 1993).”

“These investigations are consistent with others (Goldfried et al., 1998; Jones and Pulos, 1993) that found a broad superposition of psychoanalytic, interpersonal and cognitive–behavioural therapies.”

“Publication [9,47–49] [50,51] [50,52] [53] [18,54]”

“Jones and Pulos (1993) compared techniques and other process factors that predicted the outcome of brief dynamic therapy with those that predicted the outcome of brief cognitive therapy.”

“Three widely used session-level measures are the Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions (McCarthy & Barber, 2009), the Psychotherapy Q-Set (Jones & Pulos, 1993), and the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (Hilsenroth, Blagys, Ackerman, Bonge, & Blais, 2005).”

“The finding from Jones and Pulos (1993) that psychodynamic strategies were positively correlated with therapeutic outcome across both CBT and psychodynamic treatment led to a systematic line of inquiry concerning the incidence and effect of borrowing treatment processes from one approach for use in…”

“Past psychotherapy research has suggested that, in cognitive therapy, the inclusion of psychodynamic techniques improves efficacy (Jones and Pulos, 1993; Hayes et al., 1996).”

“Cognitive therapists’ in-session behavior has been rated as high in both interpersonal warmth (Jones & Pulos, 1993; Keijsers et al., 2000) and control (Ablon & Jones, 1998), suggesting an affiliative-dominant process.”

“High levels of inter-rater reliability have been achieved [57-59] We expect the PPD treatment to score highly on the fostering of unstructured open-ended dialogue, use of transference interpretations, and the identification of unconscious processes.”

“The studies of Enrico Jones and collaborators (Jones and Windholz, 1990; Jones and Pulos, 1993; Ablon and Jones, 1998; Albani et al., 2002) have successfully characterized features of psychoanalytic process.”

“…theory-driven mechanisms (Ablon & Jones, 1998; Ablon, Levy, & Katzenstein, 2006; Castonguay, Goldfried, Wiser, Raue, & Hayes, 1996; DeRubeis et al., 1990; DeRubeis & Feeley, 1990; Ilardi & Craighead, 1994; Jones & Pulos, 1993; Shaw et al., 1999; Trepka, Rees, Shapiro, Hardy, & Barkham, 2004).”

“In a well-studied sample of treatments, Jones and Pulos (1993) observed that CBT practitioners occasionally use psychodynamic strategies and that it was precisely these techniques which were responsible for change in the patient.”

“Because these two approaches to psychotherapy are both theoretically and technically very different (Ablon & Jones, 1998 ; Jones & Pulos, 1991 ), it was hypothesized that choosing one or the other would partly be a function of the individual student's LS.”

“Pole, Ablon, O’Connor, and Weiss (2002) applied a simplified prototype approach to study this relationship in a brief control mastery therapy (CMT) (Weiss, 1993).”

“1 1081 1998 ; Jones and Pulos 1993 ; Jones and Windholz 1990 ) have reliably correlate with successful outcomes while the latter do not, in both a sample of patients treated by psychodynamic therapy and another treated by cognitive-behavioral therapy.”

“…number of studies have analysed core process parameters and their ability to aid in differentiation between CBT and PDT (e.g., Getter, Litt, Kadden, & Cooney, 1992; Goldfried, Castonguay, Hayes, Drozd, & Shapiro, 1997; Jones & Pulos, 1993; for reviews, see Blagys & Hilsenroth, 2000, 2002).”

“…et al., 1988), track the treatment process over time (Jones, Parke, & Pulos, 1992), compare the therapy process in different types of treatments (Jones & Pulos, 1993), associate specific techniques with outcome (Price & Jones, 1998), and study the adherence of different treatments to their…”

“…evoking emotions and troublesome feelings were associated with positive outcomes for both interpersonal and cognitive behavioral treatments (Jones & Pulos, 1993), and a replication of the Sheffield Psychotherapy Project examining client emotional arousal patterns across cognitive…”

“…Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth, Blagys, Ackerman, Bonge, & Blais, 2005), the Psychotherapy Process Q Set (PQS; Ablon & Jones 2005; Jones, 2000; Jones & Pulos, 1993), the Interpretive and Supportive Technique Scale Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elisabeth Banon,…”

“The PQS has shown good interrater reliability (Jones, 2000 ; Jones, Cumming, & Horowitz, 1988; Jones & Pulos, 1993 ), construct validity (Jones et al, 1988 ), and discriminant validity (Jones & Pulos, 1993 ) in prior research.”

“For example, Negative Patient Affect (Jones and Pulos 1993) collapsed observations of anger, sadness (expressive affects) and anxiety, guilt, shame and pain (inhibitory affects, see McCullough et al.”

“Several process studies—some of them described above— have indeed demonstrated the relationship between outcome and CBT emphasis on emotional, developmental, and interpersonal dimension of functioning (e.g., Castonguay et al., 1996; Hayes et al., 1996; Jones & Pulos, 1993 ).”

“An example of how this kind of analytic process is structured can be found in McLeod and Balamoutsou (2001). A valuable analystic strategy that has been used by several groups of case study researchers has been to organise data analysis around competing sub-teams who each produce alternative interpretations of the cas…”

“For example, within this conceptual framework, Ablon and Jones (1998, 1999, 2002) and Jones and Pulos (1993) constructed prototypes of different kinds of psychological therapies, offering a quasi-objective means of establishing degrees of difference (or of similarity) between forms of…”

“Enrico Jones and his colleagues (Ablon & Jones, 1998; Jones & Pulos, 1993) studied recordings of psychotherapy sessions from the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, rating the sessions on 100 variables that assessed the kinds of interventions the therapists employed.”

“For psychodynamic psychotherapy results are heterogeneous as well (Ablon & Jones, 1998; Ablon et al., 2006; Jones & Pulos, 1993).”

“In adult psychodynamic treatments, bringing troublesome feelings to awareness, and facilitating expression of the patient ’ s negative affect are associated with good outcome (Ablon et al., 2006; Jones & Pulos, 1993).”

“Reviews of process studies have suggested that a strong alliance and client participation are two likely candidates across all treatment approaches (Ablon & Jones, 1999 ; Jones & Pulos, 1993 ; Llewelyn & Hardy, 2001 ; Norcross, 2002 ).”

“Psychotherapy sessions can be video or audio taped without disrupting the treatment [ 26, 98, 116 ] .”

“…reliability of the PQS has shown to be high: a¼ 0.83 to 0.89 for two raters and a¼ 0.89 to 0.92 for three to ten raters (Jones et al., 1988; Jones and Windholz, 1990) with average item reliability a¼ 0.82 (Jones et al., 1992) and satisfactory differential validity (e.g. Jones and Pulos, 1993).”

“Based on differences in the therapeutic process of different psychotherapeutic approaches (Jones and Pulos 1993), we grouped the studies into those that conducted CBT versus PDT or other types of approaches, which were labelled as ‘others’.”

“Several studies have highlighted both the reliability and validity of the PQS method (Ablon and Jones 1999; Jones and Pulos 1993).”

“Jones and Pulos (1993) conducted a direct comparison on the Q-sort items for CBT and PDT therapy sessions.”

“Adult psychodynamic psychotherapy research using the PQS found that processes aimed at bringing troublesome feelings to awareness, and facilitating expression of the patient’s negative affect were all characteristic of psychodynamic treatments (Ablon, Levy, & Katzenstein, 2006; Jones & Pulos, 1993).”

“Other questionnaires are the Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (Ablon & Jones, 1998; Jones & Pulos, 1993) and the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS; Hilsenroth, Blagys, Ackerman, Bonge, & Blais, 2005).”