A program to increase happiness: Further studies.

“Positive Interventions Michael Fordyce (1977, 1983), was one of the first to use randomized controlled trials in positive interventions.”

“Happiness-increasing strategies are a phenomenon that began to be studied relatively recently (Eryilmaz, 2014; Eryılmaz, 2017; Fordyce, 1983; Lyubomirsky, 2008; Tkach & Lyubomirsky, 2006).”

“Employing a longer-term intervention, Fordyce (1983) designed a semester-long program for college students to increase happiness by educating them about the fundamental behaviors shown by happy people (e.g. being active) and providing them with techniques for adopting these behaviors (e.g., how to…”

“For example, Fordyce (1977, 1983) assigned several different happiness-inducing strategies to students and found that students who performed the activities were generally happier than students in a control group.”

“With a more solid evidence base emerging from Fordyce’s pioneering program to increase personal happiness (Fordyce 1977, 1983) and Diener’s ground breaking work in measuring and conceptualising subjective wellbeing (Diener 1984, 1994), ‘positive psychology interventions’ (PPIs) have emerged as…”

“…have also been developed to increase happiness by having lecture classes on the nature, definition, and importance of personal happiness (Fordyce, 1983), daily writing about three good things and why they happened, and using signature character strengths in new ways (Seligman, Steen,…”

“Fordyce believed that training individuals regarding these components could enable them to increase their happiness (16).”

“…participants to apply 14 different techniques to raise their personal happiness, the most effective happiness-increasing strategies varied greatly from one individual to another, and appeared to be determined by each participant’s needs and speci!c areas of weakness (Fordyce, 1977, 1983).”

“According to Fordyce (1983), individuals who participate in happiness education programs experience”

“Third, activities designed to give and receive unconditional acceptance from others, such as family, spouses, and friends, suggest the value of positive interpersonal relationships (Buss, 2000; Eryılmaz, 2010, 2012a; Fordyce, 1983; Nima et al., 2012; Tkach & Lyubomirsky, 2006).”

“The fourth variable, happiness, is defined by Fordyce (1983) as the balance of positive and negative emotional experience over a period of time or the collected sum of positive life-circumstances (Fordyce, 1983).”

“Happiness is the one thing everyone wants from life (28) and also commonly referred to as subjective well-being has attracted a plethora of cross-disciplinary research in recent years (e.”

“If it is considered that life’s main goal is to be happy, determinants of happiness and strategies as to increasing happiness show that those with positive feelings towards their environment have higher levels of happiness (Fordyce, 1983; Tkach & Lyubomirsky, 2006).”

“…been shown to be an effective intervention at improving intrapersonal factors such as positive affect, life satisfaction, happiness (Bryant, 2003; Fordyce, 1983; Jose et al., 2012; Quoidbach et al., 2009; Smith & Bryant, 2016) as well as reducing negative affect and depression (Hurley & Kwon,…”

“…by the adults participating in the present study; a result consistent with those of previous studies (Argyle, 1999; Buss, 2000; Csikszentmihalyi & Hunter, 2003; Eryılmaz, 2010, 2012; Fordyce, 1977, 1983; Parks et al., 2012; Reis, Sheldon, Gable, Roscoe, & Ryan, 2000; Tkach & Lyubomirsky, 2006).”

“For example, Fordyce (1977, 1983) and Lichter, Haye, and Kammann (1980) showed that in as little as 2 to 10 weeks people could increase their happiness by 25%.”

“Some of these studies have focused on increasing subjective wellbeing over a short period of time (Fava, 1999; Fordyce, 1983), and others have emphasised merits such as forgiveness and gratitude as a means of increasing subjective well-being (Emmons & McCullough, 2003; Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2004).”

“Subjective well-being improvement strategies, such as mental control, positive feedback, religious engagement, and adaptive responses, can boost happiness and potentially influence body image positively (Tkach & Lyubomir - sky, 2006; Fordyce, 1983 ).”

“Second, as a follow-up study, Fordyce (1983) attempted to further determine if the components of the program accounted for the increase in happiness.”

“Fordyce (1983) observed that perceived stress significantly and negatively affected happiness in adult community college students.”

“Fordyce (1983) has developed effective strategies such as optimistic thinking, having an active life, improving the ability to be an outward individual, and reducing negative thoughts.”

“1 3 Well‑being The following scales were used: a) the Fordyce Questionnaire [40], translated into Spanish and available on the University of Pennsylvania website [41].”

“Por otra parte, los datos concuerdan con los planteamientos de Fordyce (1983), al determinar que los programas que incluyen actividades participativas y vivenciales tienen un efecto mayor en el bienestar personal, que aquellos de naturaleza meramente educativa o informativa, tal como lo sugiere…”

“The results of the limited trial lend support to the fact that well-being enhancing competencies can be schematically manipulated through intentional activities and exercises (see Fordyce, 1977, 1983; Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005).”

“…some studies have measured happiness six months (Lyubomirsky, Dickerhoof, et al., 2011; Seligman et al., 2005), 15 months (Cohn & Fredrickson, 2010), and even 18 months later (Fordyce, 1983), it is unclear whether participants were still engaging in their assigned exercises for that period of time.”

“Therefore I would not dare to bet that Lyubomirskys book will be more effective than, for example, Michael Fordyce’s happiness program, made at a time when happiness research was still a marginal activity (1977, 1983).”

“When the literature is examined, empirical studies (Eryılmaz, 2010, 2012a, 2012b; Eryılmaz & Sapsağlam, 2018) can be seen in experimental studies aiming to increase happiness (Eryılmaz, 2014a, 2014b; Fordyce, 1983) and theoretical explanations (Buss, 2000).”

“to explicitly target protective factors in individuals with psychopathology, the majority of which where designed for adults (Fava & Ruini, 2003; Fordyce, 1983; Frisch, 2006; Seligman, Rashid, & Parks, 2006).”

“From angle of empirical studies, Fordyce’s (12,13) strategy to reduce negative thoughts has purpose of mental control.”

“A pioneer of teaching intentional activities, Fordyce (1977, 1983), showed evidence for short- term boosts of different activities like practicing optimism or socializing on happiness.”

“Fordyce (1983) presented a program including fourteen components, eight cognitive and six behavioral components.”

“Prior to the positive psychology movement, Fordyce (1977, 1983) had paved the way with seven control randomized trial studies examining the effects of fourteen activities to increase the happiness of community college students, with the provision of follow-up data from 9 and 18-months later.”

“More traditional experiments also support this conclusion, e.g., even small ‘random acts of kindness’ significantly boosted subjects’ happiness (Boehm and Lyubomirky, 2007; Switzer et al., 1995; Fordyce, 1983).”

“The achievement of subjective well-being is one of the most important goals of humankind ( Fordyce 1977, 1983 ).”

“…i-working on a healthy personality; j-creating an outgoing social personality; k-to be oneself; l-eliminating negative feelings and problems; m-to put happiness as the most important priority of oneself; and n-noting that close relationships are the most important sources of happiness [20, 29, 30].”

“…for research in Positive Psychology to increase our understanding about which Positive Psychology Intervention (PPI) works best, for whom, and under which circumstances (Fordyce, 1983; Kubzansky et al., 2023; Layous & Lyubomirsky, 2014; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005a, 2005b; van Agteren et al., 2021).”

“Fordyce (1983) beliefs that happiness is linked to a long-term general sensation of emotional well-being and life satisfaction and can be increased through the adoption of positive thinking and awareness of the present moment.”

“Description of Happiness Training Sessions (23)”

“Deci and Ryan (1985), along with a few others (e.g., Csikszentmihalyi, 1976/1990; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985; Fordyce, 1977, 1983) moved the theoretical into the empirical, substantively ushering positive psychology to its current position.”

“Fordyce (1983) has laid down 14 fundamentals that can help individuals increase their happiness.”

“D’autres travaux démontrent une corrélation positive entre le soutien social et le bien-être psychologique [30, 31] et la qualité de vie [32, 33].”

“Strategies to increase happiness have been discussed by many researchers (Fordyce, 1983; Eryılmaz, 2010, Eryılmaz, 2017; Tkach & Lyubomirsky, 2006).”

“Early research in life satisfaction (e.g., Fordyce, 1983) suggests that everyone makes their best efforts to gain happiness and SWL. People are more inclined towards non-monetary rewards rather than monetary ones to increase their satisfaction.”

“Happier people tend to believe luck is on their side (Fordyce, 1983), have more satisfying personal relationships, be more successful professionally, and be mentally healthier (Myers, 2000).”

“In addition, pioneers in the field of positive psychology found that happiness levels and overall well-being can be enhanced through several useful interventions involving multiple exercises (Fordyce, 1977; 1983).”

“…it is possible that the act of writing a gratitude letter enhanced the well-being of the participants by introducing an intentional activity (Fordyce, 1977, 1983), which presumably intensified their gratitude and motivated them to communicate it even if the activity was initiated on…”

“て肯定的感情 は上 昇 するが それ に伴 って否 定的感 情 は 低減 しない 。 しか し,現 在 ス トレス を経験 してい る人 に限 り,楽 しみ活 動 の経験 に よ る肯 定的感情 の上昇 に 伴 い否定 的 感情 が低減 す る(Reich&Zautra,1981)。 Diener(1984)に よる と,肯 定 的 感情 と否定 的 感 情 は,特 定 な瞬 間,一 時 的 に測 定 した場合 と,数 週 間 ま た はそれ以 上 の期 間,間 隔 をお い て測定 した場 合 で は, 違 いが現れ る。2つ の感 情 は,前 者 で は逆 相関 す るが, 後 者で…”