Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance.
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Individuals exhibit decreased performance in simple tasks and enhanced performance in new or challenging tasks.
“According to Jackson and Williams (1985), individuals exhibit decreased performance in simple tasks and enhanced performance in new or challenging tasks.”
From The Moderating Influence of In-Group Collectivism on Social Loafing: An Experimental Study on a Manufacturing Factory (2026) · cites this paper as Jackson and Williams (1985)
Participants did not loaf when working on a challenging team task, nor when they believed they were contributing something unique.
“In addition, participants did not loaf when working on a challenging team task, nor when they believed they were contributing something unique.”
From The Moderating Influence of In-Group Collectivism on Social Loafing: An Experimental Study on a Manufacturing Factory (2026) · cites this paper as Jackson and Williams (1985)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Social loafing: a meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.
Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.681 · Cited by 2,196 · see citing works
Self-citationPerformance Effects of Motivational State: A Meta-Analysis
Utman, C. H. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0102_4 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Social loafing and group evaluation
Harkins, S. G., & Szymanski, K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.6.934 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Many Ways to Be Marginal in a Group
Ellemers, N., & Jetten, J. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312453086 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Monitoring and Performance: A Comparison of Computer and Supervisor Monitoring<sup>1</sup>
Griffith, T. L. (1993) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01103.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Social Loafing and Motivation Gains in Groups: An Integrative Review
Karau, S. J., & Wilhau, A. J. (2020) · Individual Motivation within Groups · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-849867-5.00001-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Koçal, S., & Özcan, K. (2026) · Verimlilik Dergisi · doi:10.51551/verimlilik.1729580
- Authors
- Jackson, J. M., & Williams, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Fordham University (US)
- ORCID
- Williams, Kipling D.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1985-10
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 937-942
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2032368141
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Keywords
- social loafing, task difficulty, group performance, collective work, collective effort
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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