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Two faces of narcissism.
Abstract
The present study examines the lack of strong correlations among existing self-report measures of narcissism. A principal-components analysis of 6 MMPI narcissism scales resulted in 2 orthogonal factors, 1 implying Vulnerability-Sensitivity and the other Grandiosity-Exhibitionism. Although unrelated to each other, these 2 factors were associated with such core features of narcissism as conceit, self-indulgence, and disregard of others. Despite this common core, however, Vulnerability-Sensitivity was associated with introversion, defensiveness, anxiety, and vulnerability to life's traumas, whereas Grandiosity-Exhibitionism was related to extraversion, self-assurance, exhibitionism, and aggression. Three alternative interpretations of these results are considered, and an argument for the distinction between covert and overt narcissism is made.
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“Next, we suggest two specifiers that would allow one to document whether the narcissistic individuals fall in either or potentially both of the two most commonly recognized presentations-grandiose or vulnerable narcissism (e.g., Cain et al. 2008, Miller et al. 2011, Wink 1991).”
From Controversies in Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Wink 1991
In the citing paper
“It is also multifaceted in nature, with existing empirical literature consistently highlighting the existence of both grandiose and vulnerable phenotypes [28, 67, 84].”
From “It’s not you, it’s me”: identity disturbance as the main contributor to interpersonal problems in pathological narcissism (2023) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Grandiose narcissism is typically characterized by attention seeking, arrogance, and self-enhancing and exaggerated self-worth. These individuals have been found to be interpersonally domineering, antagonistic and vindictive [14, 74, 75, 84].”
From “It’s not you, it’s me”: identity disturbance as the main contributor to interpersonal problems in pathological narcissism (2023) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Early emphasis on the grandiose presentation gave way to recognition of two types of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable (15, 16).”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Grandiose narcissism displays substantial correlation with extraversion, while vulnerable narcissism correlates highly with introversion.”
From The Relationship between Grandiose and Vulnerable (Hypersensitive) Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Wink, 1991
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wink, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wink, Paul
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 590-597
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4243801562
- Cited by
- 1,107
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- narcissism, self-enhancement, self-promotion, self-concept
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, MMPI, Narcissism, Personality Disorders, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Social Adjustment
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