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Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures.
Abstract
The content of spontaneously activated racial stereotypes among White Americans and the relation of this to more explicit measures of stereotyping and prejudice were investigated. Using a semantic priming paradigm, a prime was presented outside of conscious awareness (BLACK or WHITE), followed by a target stimulus requiring a word-nonword decision. The target stimuli included attributes that varied in valence and stereotypicality for Whites and African Americans. Results showed reliable stereotyping and prejudice effects: Black primes resulted in substantially stronger facilitation to negative than positive stereotypic attributes, whereas White primes facilitated positive more than negative stereotypic traits. The magnitude of this implicit prejudice effect correlated reliably with participants' scores on explicit racial attitude measures, indicating that people's spontaneous stereotypic associations are consistent with their more controlled responses.
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“Whites tend to have unconscious stereotypes of Whites as intelligent, successful, and educated, and of Blacks as aggressive, impulsive, and lazy,40”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [40]
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Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692 · Cited by 2,756
Hall, W. J., Chapman, M. V., Lee, K. M., Merino, Y. M., Thomas, T. W., Payne, B. K., Eng, E., Day, S. H., & Coyne-Beasley, T. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302903 · Cited by 2,176
What (and Why) is Positive Psychology?
Gable, S. L., & Haidt, J. (2005) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.103 · Cited by 2,107
“Researchers in social psychology have conducted groundbreaking studies on the existence of implicit prejudice and negative outcomes associated with low selfesteem (e.g., Josephs, Bosson, & Jacobs, 2003; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997 ).”
BackgroundHofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205275613 · Cited by 1,642
“Our assumption is that the present findings can be generalized to other kinds of implicit measures (e.g., Fazio et al., Hofmann et al. / IAT META-ANALYSIS 1381 1995; Wittenbrink et al., 1997 ).”
BackgroundResultAn inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement.
Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277 · Cited by 1,371
“By limiting monitoring and control, implicit measures can be extremely useful for studying socially sensitive attitudes such as prejudice (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado System (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1997-02
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 262-274
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1978374884
- Cited by
- 821
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 92.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH-45049, R01MH045049)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Keywords
- racial stereotypes, semantic priming, implicit attitudes, African Americans, White Americans
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Awareness, Black or African American, Female, Humans, Male, Prejudice, Race Relations, Stereotyping, Word Association Tests, White People
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