Cited by 406Mental Health Research TopicsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesGender Roles and Identity Studies

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Everyday stressors and gender differences in daily distress

Almeida, David M., Kessler, Ronald C.·1998·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.670

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Abstract

This article examines gender differences in psychological distress by assessing men's and women's experience of daily stressors and psychological distress in a sample of 166 married couples. Respondents completed a structured daily diary each day over the course of 42 days. Results showed that women reported a higher prevalence of high distress days and a lower prevalence of distress-free days than men. Gender differences in daily distress were attributable largely to women experiencing more onsets of distress episodes rather than being more likely to continue in a distress state from one day to subsequent days. Results from hierarchical linear models (HLM) indicated that the significant gender differences diminished after respondents' daily stressors were taken into account. Implications of these findings for gender role and rumination theories are discussed.

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“For example, a number of authors have suggested that women find themselves in stressful circumstances more than men (Almeida & Kessler, 2008; McDonough & Walters, 2001) while other researchers suggested that it is possible that women appraise threatening events as more stressful than men do (Miller…”
Background
Estresse, estratégias de enfrentamento e a percepção da imagem corporal em adolescentes: relações com o estado nutricional
Straatmann, G. (2011) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.59.2011.tde-03052011-155201 · Cited by 1
Social Support and Aging, Theories of
Birditt, K. S., & Newton, N. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_123-2 · Cited by 1
Association of Optimism and Perceived Stress among Young AdultsPreprint
Joshi, R., & Joshi, P. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9qncw · Cited by 1
“Another study by Almeida and Kessler (1998) found that women reported a higher prevalence of elevated days of distress and a lower prevalence of days without distress than men.”
Background
Experience of Everyday Hassles and Comparative Sense of Well-being in New Zealand Adolescents
Payne, M. A. (2000) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2000.9747857
“However, the underlying reasons for it remain unclear (Almeida and Kessler, 1998; Spruijt-Metz and Spruijt, 1997): are young women exposed to more (real or threatened) stressful events than young men are? Do they adopt coping strategies which cause them to dwell on issues for longer? Do they cognitively evaluate exper…”
Background
Indian Women at Workplace: Coping with “Role boundedness” through “Hardiness”
Mund, P. (2021) · International Journal of Business and Management Research · doi:10.37391/ijbmr.090211
“Although there have been conflicting outcomes in the literature examining the relation between gender and stress, several authors have agreed that women find themselves in stressful circumstances more often than men which support our findings [23, 24].”
Result
WORK STRESS ACCORDING TO THE COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL STAFF OF HUNGARIAN CUSTOMS AND FINANCE GUARD AND THE TEACHING STAFF OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF SECURITY FORCES
Hidvégi, P., & Racsko, R. (2013) · Problems of Education in the 21st Century · doi:10.33225/pec/13.53.40
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Shah, A. F., Raina, R., & Jan, S. M. (2021) · International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences · doi:10.22271/oral.2021.v7.i1a.1302
“Higher education related to the health sciences poses a substantial amount of stress for enrolled students [3, 5].”
Background
Gendered Mobility
Mitra-Sarkar, S. (2021) · International Encyclopedia of Transportation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102671-7.10637-2 · Cited by 1
References
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Hídvégi, P. (2015) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged) · doi:10.14232/phd.2787
Gender differences in the experience of psychological abuse within dating relationships: the moderating effects of gender role stress and coping strategies
Hyde, S. (2008) · doi:10.22215/etd/2008-07516
Support in Response to a Spouse's Distress: Comparing Women and Men in Same-Sex and Different-Sex MarriagesPreprint
Thomeer, M. B., Pollitt, A. M., & Umberson, D. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/be82v
References
(2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044032-3/50010-1
Neurobiology of Aging
Tassy, S., Konsta, A., & Azorin, J. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18323-3_6
Concern, Pessimism and Neuroticism of Senior Undergraduates and Students
Аnida, V., Belić, M., & Erdes-Kavecan, D. (2021) · The New Educational Review · doi:10.15804/tner.21.64.2.22
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Erickson, K. E. (2022) · Journal of Scientific Exploration · doi:10.31275/20222613
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Martins, B. G., Campos, L. A., Marôco, J. P., et al. (2022) · Editora Artemis eBooks · doi:10.37572/edart_2808226068
The Relationship Between Self-Perceived Gender Typicality, Self-Esteem and Psychological Distress In College Students
Chuku, G. O. (2017) · doi:10.58809/rbac5345
“…most studies have reported gender differences in psychological distress with a higher prevalence in women than men (Ahmed & Alansari, 2004; Almeida & Kessler, 1998; Amponsah, 2010; Chung, Bemak & Kagawa-Singer, 1998; Eisenberg, Gollust, Golberstein & Hefner, 2007; Mirowsky & Ross, 1995;…”
Background
Mental Health Sociology: Understanding the Relationship Between the Dynamics of Society and Mental HealthPreprint
Demir, A. E. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4500978
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Mitra, R. S. P. (2023) · International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) · doi:10.21275/sr23508091027
Prevalence of Elevated Heart Rate Among the Philippine Lifecare Cohort (LIFT-LIFECARE Study)
Gumatay, W. A. G., Sy, R. G., Sison, O. T., Llanes, E. J. B., Reganit, P. F. M., Castillo-Carandang, N. T., Punzalan, F. E. R., & Velandria, F. V. (2015) · Philippine journal of cardiology. · doi:10.69944/pjc.5561f05cf3
The Mediating Role of Hedonic Consumption Attitudes in Material Scarcity and Online Shopping Addiction
蒋, 瑀. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.152066
Partner strain and support associations with affective reactions to daily stressors
Witzel, D. D., Chandler, K. D., Geldhof, J. G., Hooker, K. A., & Stawski, R. S. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13151 · Cited by 1
“Compared with men, women often report stronger affective reactions to daily stressors (Almeida & Kessler, 1998; Birditt et al., 2005; Birditt & Fingerman, 2003; Witzel et al., 2023).”
Influential
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“Additionally, there is an increasing body of literature that pays attention to sex differences in emotion, with different findings [23– 25].”
Gender differences in affective reactivity to COVID-related daily stressors in mood and anxiety disorders: A six-month intensive longitudinal study
Mukherjee, D., Lee, S. A., Almeida, D. M., & Saunders, E. F. H. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000328
Self-citation

Authors: Almeida, D. M., & Kessler, R. C.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
ORCID: Almeida, David M.
Kessler, Ronald C.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998
Volume: 75
Issue: 3
Pages: 670-680
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.670
OpenAlex: W2039858636
Cited by: 406
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 5.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (1r03mh053372-01a1)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH19734, MH53372)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Keywords: gender differences, psychological distress, daily hassles, daily diary, married couples, gender roles, rumination, marital stress
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Marriage, Men, Psychological Theory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Women, Prevalence, Linear Models

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Everyday stressors and gender differences in daily distress

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