Smoking, body weight, and their effects on smoking behavior: A comprehensive review of the literature.

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive review of the research on smoking and body weight. The relationships between smoking and body weight are evaluated in 70 cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations. The mechanisms responsible for differences in body weight are discussed, the weight-related issues that promote smoking behavior are reviewed, methods for reducing postcessation weight gain are summarized, and future research directions are proposed. A proposed working research model for studying the relationship between smoking, energy balance, and weight gain is offered. It is concluded that smoking and body weight relationships are closely related and pose significant challenges for smoking researchers.

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   Ward, Kenneth D., Klesges, Robert C. · 2001 · Calcified Tissue International
3. Smoking cessation and weight gain
   Filozof, C., Fernández Pinilla, M. C., Fernández‐Cruz, A. · 2004 · Obesity Reviews
4. Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: meta-analysis
   Aubin, H.-J., Farley, A., Lycett, D., Lahmek, P., Aveyard, P. · 2012 · BMJ
5. The Influence of Smoking Cessation on the Prevalence of Overweight in the United States
   Flegal, Katherine M., Troiano, Richard P., Pamuk, Elsie R., Kuczmarski, Robert J., Campbell, Stephen M. · 1995 · New England Journal of Medicine

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