The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What can specificity designs say about causality in psychopathology research?
Abstract
Specificity designs in psychopathology research are used to examine whether a variable is unique to a given disorder. When nonspecificity is observed, it typically is assumed that the variable in question is not a cause of the disorder, but is instead a nonspecific consequence of general psychopathology. Such reasoning is flawed, however, because it fails to distinguish between testing a particular causal model containing the variable versus testing the causal status of the particular variable within the model. A variable may be nonspecific, but still causal, if it is one of several multiple interacting causes or if a nosological error has been made. A recognition of these complexities has implications for the nature of the psychopathology control group selected.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although there is evidence that IU is more strongly associated with GAD severity compared with other anxiety disorders (Dugas et al., 2001), accumulating evidence brings into question IU's narrow specificity (Garber & Hollon, 1991) to GAD.”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders (2013) · cites this paper as Garber & Hollon, 1991
In the citing paper
“When taken as a whole, this study's results are consistent with emerging evidence questioning the “narrow” specificity of IU to GAD (see Garber & Hollon, 1991).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders (2013) · cites this paper as Garber & Hollon, 1991
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
Drake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303
Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.96.2.358 · Cited by 3,722
Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia.
Zubin, J., & Spring, B. J. (1977) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.86.2.103 · Cited by 1,941
Kenny, D. A. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,376
(1974) · Cited by 1,195
The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research
(1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80166-3 · Cited by 980
The role of cognition in depression: A critical appraisal.
Coyne, J. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.3.472 · Cited by 746
Causal schemas in judgments under uncertainty
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. J. (1982) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511809477.009 · Cited by 605
Overview: toward a dysregulation hypothesis of depression
Siever, L. J., & Davis, K. L. (1985) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.142.9.1017 · Cited by 518
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–234 of 234
Bancila, D., & Mittelmark, M. B. (2007) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2007.9721844 · Cited by 2
Weekly headache in children and adolescents: Biopsychosocial correlates and their specificity
Morris, L. (2007) · doi:10.53846/goediss-202 · Cited by 2
Sexton, K. A. (2011) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) · Cited by 1
Koopmans, M. (1992) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3f.1163 · Cited by 2
Social anxiety and alcohol-related problems: the role of difficulties with emotion regulation
Buckner, J. D., Vargo, L. A., & Thomas, K. L. (2025) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2025.2554634 · Cited by 1
Buckner, J. D., Vargo, L. A., & Knox, A. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2586660 · Cited by 1
Buckner, J. D., Shepherd, J. M., Thai, J. M., Le, K. D., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2026) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.70148 · Cited by 1
Buckner, J. D., Vargo, L. A., Buenrostro, C. M., Shepherd, J. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2026) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2026.2630211 · Cited by 1
Bidirectional relations between Mexican American parenting dimensions and youth mental health
Manongdo, J. A. (2010) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 1
Cornelius, J. R., & Kirisci, L. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 1
Maggi, S., Ostry, A., Roberts, W. L., D’Angiulli, A., & Hertzman, C. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2013-006 · Cited by 2
Depressivität und Aggressivität im Jugendalter
Reicher, H. (1999) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026//0942-5403.8.3.171 · Cited by 1
Disorders of Emotion: Questions About Clarity and Integration
Tomarken, A. J., & Hollon, S. D. (1991) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0201_24 · Cited by 1
Self-citationThe Impact of Experimentally-Induced Perceived Discrimination on Substance Use
Dean, K. E. (2019) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.5093 · Cited by 1
Pessimistic Attribution Style and other Attribution Styles in Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic ReviewPreprint
Dewangan, R. L. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/dap3f · Cited by 1
Neuropsychological Correlates of Borderline Personality Disorder
Miller, C. S. (2007) · The Mathematics Enthusiast
The stability and clinical significance of distress: A rejoinder to pepper and coyne
Flett, G. L., Vredenburg, K., & Krames, L. (1996) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02229117
Cognitive content specificity of test anxiety and depression in college women
Fishel, M. N. (2007) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
An Interpersonal Model of Depression: A Psychophysiological Perspective
Pritchard, K. J. (2016) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University)
Kushner, S. C. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Determinants Of Adolescents Well Being
Ali, S. (2018) · jom (SEISENSE) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1469716
Maud, M. (2006) · FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia)
Treatment of Research and Sexual Abuse: A Journal
Abuse, S., van der Laan, P. H., van der Put, C. E., van Vugt, E., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Deković, M. (2013)
Garber, J., & Hollon, S. D. (2015) · The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp555
Self-citationStevenson, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45787-6_8
Shipp, L., Leigh, E., Laverton, A., Percy, R., & Waite, P. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/hua6q
Cognitive and behavioural processes in adolescent panic disorder
McCall, A., Waite, F., Percy, R., Turpin, L. E., Robinson, K. J., McMahon, J., & Waite, P. (2025) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465825000049
Sex-dependent impact of parental verbal abuse on brain lateralization of language
Wang, X., Wang, J., Lin, Z., Yang, Y., & Xu, M. (2025) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100730
Buckner, J. D., Qiu, L., Nord, J., Shepherd, J. M., Thai, J. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2026) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2026.2693279
Social Anxiety and Cannabis-Related Problems: The Role of Psychological Inflexibility
Jo, D., Qiu, L., Zvolensky, M. J., & Buckner, J. D. (2026) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2026.2711947
Zettle (1995) · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199503)51:2
Metadata
- Authors
- Garber, J., & Hollon, S. D.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 129-136
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2024035006
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 17.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- non-specificity, causality, psychopathology, causal models, disease classification, control groups
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychopathology, Risk Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
