Mild head injury in children and adolescents: A review of studies (1970–1995).
Abstract
In this article, the authors provide a comprehensive review of the research of mild head injury in children and adolescents from 1970 to 1995. Because of marked variability in methodologies across studies, a preliminary box-score tally was computed, without regard to studies' scientific or methodological merit. These results revealed 13 adverse, 18 null, and 9 indeterminate findings related to neuropsychological, academic, or psychosocial outcome. When studies were classified based on methodological merit, the stronger studies were generally associated with null outcomes across domains. However, a few of the less stronger neuropsychological studies (5 of 40) reported subthreshold and transitory alterations during the early postinjury period. At the present time, cautious acceptance of the null hypothesis is recommended until more definitive studies are conducted that address the problems raised in this review.
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Uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury is typically not expected to be associated with significant lasting cognitive impairment in children who do not have compromised psychosocial backgrounds.
“This investigation was limited to patients who had at least complicated mild or moderate TBI (as evidenced by the presence of intracranial lesions on neuroimaging), because uncomplicated mild TBI is typically not expected to be associated with significant lasting cognitive impairment in children who do not have compromised psychosocial backgrounds (Ponsford et al., 1999; Satz et al., 1997).”
From Criterion validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition after pediatric traumatic brain injury (2008) · cites this paper as Satz et al., 1997
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Neurocognitive outcomes and recovery after pediatric TBI: meta-analytic review of the literature
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“They have, however, focused on a subsample of this population (e.g., mild injuries [Satz et al., 1997]) or on a specific cognitive domain (e.g., executive function [Levin & Hanten, 2005]).”
Self-citationReading Research for Students with LD
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“Although not a synthesis of interventions specifically, Satz et al. (1997) found, in their comprehensive review of children and adolescents with mild head injury, that when compared to control”
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“Studies were rated using a scale modified from Cappa et al.23 and following recommendations by Satz et al.18 Scores (yes=1; no=0) were given for criteria reflecting a study’s design, sample, and measures.”
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“Regardless of terminology, the presence of brain injury is most often inferred rather than documented and more research is needed to identify the minimum criteria for adverse neurobehavioral consequences (Kibby & Long, 1996; Satz et al., 1997).”
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“On one hand, the literature provides little evidence of persistent cognitive deficits resulting from mild TBI, especially in studies that are methodologically rigorous (Asarnow et al., 1995; Carroll et al., 2004; Satz, 2001; Satz et al., 1997).”
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“Well-controlled pediatric studies using standardized neuropsychological and academic achievement tests indicate that cognitive or achievement deficits are generally not identifiable by 2–3 months post-injury (Carroll et al., 2004b; Satz, 2001; Satz et al., 1997).”
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Postconcussive symptoms in children with mild closed head injuries.
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“Because research has demonstrated that most PCS that occur after mild TBI tend to resolve by about 3 months post injury (Satz et al., 1997 ; Yeates et al., 2005 ), we also expected group differences in PCS to be more pronounced earlier in time, and hence to fi nd more evidence of moderation at…”
InfluentialMild traumatic brain injury and postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents
YEATES, K. O. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710000986 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Research is needed to identify both injury and non-injury related factors that predict persistent postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents (Satz, 2001 ; Yeates & Taylor, 2005 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialBabikian, T., Satz, P., Zaucha, K., Light, R., Lewis, R. S., & Asarnow, R. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711000907 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationHessen, E., Nestvold, K., & Anderson, V. (2007) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050701528454 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“[23] reported on a comprehensive review of studies (1970–1995) of mTBI.”
BackgroundBarlow, K. M. (2014) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073814543305 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Satz et al found no adverse effects on academic-psychosocial outcome across the spectrum of mild traumatic brain injury in a comprehensive systematic review.(113) Most children with uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury do well.”
BackgroundRecovery from mild head injury.
Bernstein, D. M. (1999) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/026990599121683 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Intellectual Outcome from Preschool Traumatic Brain Injury: A 5-Year Prospective, Longitudinal Study
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Outcome From Mild Head Injury in Young Children: A Prospective Study
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“The present study aimed to extend the ®ndings of previous research by investigating the outcome from mild HI in young children, keeping in mind the minimal criteria described by Satz et al. (1997).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNeurobehavioural outcomes of mild head injury in children and adolescents
Yeates, K. O., & Taylor, H. G. (2005) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/13638490400011199 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“On the one hand, the literature provides little evidence of persistent cognitive deficits resulting from mild CHI, especially in studies that are methodologically rigorous [11].”
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Taylor, H. G., Swartwout, M. D., Yeates, K. O., Walz, N. C., Stancin, T., & Wade, S. L. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708081150 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
DENNIS, M., GUGER, S., RONCADIN, C., BARNES, M., & SCHACHAR, R. (2001) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617701766040 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Vigilance was correlated with parent ratings of attentional–inhibitory control for children with mild CHI, which suggests that parents may be more aware of attentional–inhibitory control deficits in children with mild CHI than in those with more severe injuries (although few consistent cognitive impairments are report…”
BackgroundPsychiatric illness after mild traumatic brain injury in children.
Massagli, T. L., Fann, J., Burington, B., Jaffe, K., Katon, W., & Thompson, R. S. (2004) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.12.036 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
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“Methodologically rigorous studies indicate that by 2 to 3 months post-injury, and often much sooner, deficits are no longer apparent when measured by performance-based neurocognitive or academic tests (Carroll et al, 2004 ; Satz, 2001 ; Satz et al, 1997 ).”
Barlow, K., Crawford, S., Brooks, B., Turley, B., & Mikrogianakis, A. (2015) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.04.011 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“My Child Doesn't Have a Brain Injury, He Only Has a Concussion”
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“although the symptoms can occur in the absence of objective evidence of brain injury such as abnormal neuroimaging findings or deficits on standardized cognitive testing (Asarnow et al., 1995; Bijur and Haslum, 1995; Satz, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialCatale, C., Marique, P., Closset, A., & Meulemans, T. (2009) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390802134616 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“As mentioned, this study was designed in accordance with the general methodological criteria advised by Satz et al. (1997).”
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Acute Concussion Symptom Severity and Delayed Symptom Resolution
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Mild traumatic brain injury and executive functions in school-aged children
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“Reviews of the literature [4,7] find little evidence for long-term adverse cognitive outcomes.”
Working Memory After Mild, Moderate, or Severe Childhood Closed Head Injury
Roncadin, C., Guger, S. L., Archibald, J., Barnes, M., & Dennis, M. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2004.9651920 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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Self-citationLong-Term Consequences of Severe Closed Head Injury on Episodic Memory
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“A variety of factors associated with cognitive dysfunction, including attention de®cit disorder, substance abuse and prior head injury, are also risk factors for head injury (Klonoff, 1971; Satz et al., 1997, 1999).”
BackgroundConcussion: A Global Perspective.
Kam, L.-H., Leung, A., & Torres, A. R. (2019) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2019.03.017 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Persistent neurobehavioral problems following mild traumatic brain injury.
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Controversies and outcomes associated with mild traumatic brain injury in childhood and adolescences
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Mild traumatic brain injury induces prolonged visual processing deficits in children
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“Indeed, studies investigating the consequences of mTBI have mostly concentrated on investigating cognitive functioning and generally report impaired information processing speed, working memory, attention, memory and executive functions [13–15].”
Predictors of Post-concussive Symptoms in Young Children: InjuryversusNon-injury Related Factors
Bernard, C. O., Ponsford, J., McKinlay, A., McKenzie, D. P., & Krieser, D. (2016) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617716000709 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The inclusion of an injury-control comparison group is now recognized as an important methodological control for the effects of general trauma and pre-morbid behavioral differences (Satz et al., 1997).”
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“[11] conducted a systematic review of the current research on mild head injury in children and adolescents from 1970–1995.”
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“This investigation was limited to patients who had at least complicated mild or moderate TBI (as evidenced by the presence of intracranial lesions on neuroimaging), because uncomplicated mild TBI is typically not expected to be associated with significant lasting cognitive impairment in children who do not have compro…”
BackgroundHajek, C. A., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Bangert, B. A., Dietrich, A. M., Nuss, K. E., Rusin, J. A., & Wright, M. (2010) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699050903508226 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“[2], which in some cases persist for months post”
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Postconcussive Symptom Exaggeration After Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Kirkwood, M. W., Peterson, R. L., Connery, A. K., Baker, D. A., & Grubenhoff, J. A. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3195 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
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“Cognitive changes typically include problems in attention, speed of processing, working memory, and response inhibition (Babikian & Asarnow, 2009; Levin et al., 2002; Satz et al.,1997).”
BackgroundWells, R., Minnes, P., & Phillips, M. (2009) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518420902773109 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Findings from the present study also support the idea that outcomes are not merely the product of the severity of the primary physical injury itself, but that additional factors play a role in determining long-term functional outcomes [4, 13].”
MethodResultMcNally, K. A., Patrick, K. E., LaFleur, J. E., Dykstra, J. B., Monahan, K., & Hoskinson, K. R. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2017.1280143 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In most cases, these symptoms resolve quickly (Peloso et al., 2004; Satz et al., 1997; Yeates et al., 2009) and wellcontrolled studies do not provide evidence of objective cognitive impairment beyond”
BackgroundYang, Z., Yeo, R. A., Peña, A., Ling, J. M., Klimaj, S. D., Campbell, R. A., Doezema, D., & Mayer, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2395 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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“It should be noted that the current results are in contrast to longitudinal clinical trials (Jaffe et al., 1993; Satz et al., 1997; Yeates and Taylor, 2005), which found relatively good outcomes following pediatric concussions of non-sport or mixed etiologies.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStephens, R., Rutherford, A., Potter, D. D., & Fernie, G. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence · doi:10.1080/092970490959629 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Moreover, in reviewing the literature on pediatric mild head injury, Satz et al. (1997) concluded that the methodologically stronger studies reviewed were generally associated with absence of neuropsychological effects, but that some transitory, early postinjury effects were present in several less methodologically so…”
BackgroundSinopoli, K. J., Chen, J., Wells, G. D., Fait, P. E., Ptito, A., Taha, T., & Keightley, M. (2014) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3326 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Behavioral consequences of mild traumatic brain injury in preschoolers
Gagner, C., Landry-Roy, C., Bernier, A., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003221 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Our findings also contrast somewhat with the idea that mTBI is associated with adequate psychosocial outcome with only a few children suffering negative consequences (Satz et al. 1997; Carroll et al. 2004; Babikian & Asarnow, 2009).”
ResultMax, J. E., Schachar, R. J., Landis, J., Bigler, E. D., Wilde, E. A., Saunders, A. E., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Chapman, S. B., Dennis, M., Hanten, G. R., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12010011 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dennis, M., & Barnes, M. (2001) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200110000-00005 · Cited by 53
Controversies in the Sequelae of Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Lee, L. (2007) · Pediatric emergency care · doi:10.1097/01.pec.0000280526.38677.fc · Cited by 52
“There is the theoretical concern that children may be more vulnerable to the effects of head injury because they are still developing their cognitive abilities.(2) An opposing argument is that the plasticity of the developing brain may enable a child’s brain to have a dramatic recovery of function after a traumatic in…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPsychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents 24 Months After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Max, J. E., Friedman, K., Wilde, E. A., Bigler, E. D., Hanten, G. R., Schachar, R. J., Saunders, A. E., Dennis, M., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Chapman, S. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13080190 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Postconcussive Symptoms and Neurocognitive Function After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
Sroufe, N. S., Fuller, D. S., West, B. T., Singal, B. M., Warschausky, S. A., & Maio, R. F. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2364 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pediatric Minor Closed Head Injury
Thiessen, M. L., & Woolridge, D. P. (2006) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2005.09.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Satz and colleagues [57] performed a review of 40 outcome studies between 1970 and pediatric minor closed head injury 15”
BackgroundCommunity versus orthopaedic controls in traumatic brain injury research: How comparable are they?
Mathias, J. L., Dennington, V., Bowden, S. C., & Bigler, E. (2013) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.793398 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Chadwick, L., Roth, E., Minich, N. M., Taylor, H. G., Bigler, E. D., Cohen, D. M., Bacevice, A., Mihalov, L. K., Bangert, B. A., Zumberge, N. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2020.7513 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“2,6,7 None-theless, in some studies, children and adolescents with mild TBI exhibit cognitive weaknesses after mild TBI.”
Hessen, E., Nestvold, K., & Sundet, K. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00514.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Teasdale, T., & Engberg, A. (2003) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.933 · Cited by 48
Porteus maze performance following traumatic brain injury in children.
Levin, H. S., Song, J., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., & Roberson, G. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.4.557 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Marschark, M. C., Richtsmeier, L. M., Richardson, J. T. E., Crovitz, H. F., & Henry, J. (2000) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200012000-00004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Memory functioning in children with traumatic brain injuries: a TOMAL validity study
Lowther, J. (2003) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(02)00222-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
When Injury Clouds Understanding of Others: Theory of Mind after Mild TBI in Preschool Children
Bellerose, J., Bernier, A., Beaudoin, C., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. (2015) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617715000569 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Importantly, Hessen, Nestvold, and Anderson (2007) and Hessen, Nestvold, and Sundet (2006) suggest that even children with mTBI are at increased risk for chronicity of neuropsychological impairment and that outcomes may vary depending on the severity of symptoms (Satz et al., 1997).”
BackgroundPrinciples for return to learn after concussion
Baker, J., Rieger, B., McAvoy, K., Leddy, J., Master, C. L., Lana, S. J., & Willer, B. (2014) · International journal of clinical practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12517 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Predictors of Neuropsychological Outcome After Pediatric Concussion
Beauchamp, M., Aglipay, M., Yeates, K., Désiré, N., Keightley, M., Anderson, P., Brooks, B., Barrowman, N., Gravel, J., Boutis, K., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000419 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The validity of post-concussion syndrome in children: a controlled historical cohort study.
Nacajauskaite, O., Endzinienė, M., Jurėnienė, K., & Schrader, H. (2006) · Brain & development (Tokyo. 1979) · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.02.010 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“(6) The inclusion of at least 20 children with mild head injury [44,45].”
BackgroundKnowledge-based inferencing after childhood head injury.
Barnes, M., & Dennis, M. (2001) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2385 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Knowing What We Don’t Know: Long-Term Psychiatric Outcomes following Adult Concussion in Sports
Finkbeiner, N. W. B., Max, J. E., Longman, R. S., & Debert, C. T. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716644953 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Visuomotor Response Time in Children With a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Gagnon, I., Swaine, B., Friedman, D., & Forget, R. (2004) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200409000-00004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Current controversies in the management of minor pediatric head injuries.
Savitsky, E., & Votey, S. (2000) · American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0735-6757(00)90060-3 · Cited by 38
Araujo, G., Antonini, T. N., Monahan, K., Gelfius, C. D., Klamar, K., Potts, M., Yeates, K., & Bodin, D. (2014) · Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.896415 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In the majority of children, post-concussion symptoms resolve within a few months or less (Babikian & Asarnow, 2009; Carroll et al., 2004; Iverson, Zasler, & Lange, 2007; Satz, 2001; Satz et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSex differences in the long-term neuropsychological outcome of mild traumatic brain injury
Tsushima, W. T., Lum, M. A., & Geling, O. (2009) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050903200530 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Soccer Heading in Competitive Youth Players
Salinas, C., Webbe, F., & Devore, T. T. (2009) · doi:10.1123/jcsp.3.1.15 · Cited by 35
Petersen, C., Scherwath, A., Fink, J., & Koch, U. (2008) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050801935245 · Cited by 35
Indicators of complicated mild TBI predict MMPI-2 scores after 23 years
Hessen, E., & Nestvold, K. (2009) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050902748349 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“A comprehensive review of studies (1970–1995) of paediatric mTBI [24] found no adverse effects on academic-psychosocial outcome across the spectrum of mild TBI.”
BackgroundMMPI-2 profiles 23 years after paediatric mild traumatic brain injury
Hessen, E., Anderson, V., & Nestvold, K. (2008) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050701846179 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“[22] found no adverse effects on academic–psychosocial outcome across the spectrum of mild TBI.”
BackgroundLevin, H., Song, J. X., Scheibel, R., Fletcher, J., Harward, H., & Chapman, S. (2000) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;ft001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Epidemiologic (Bijur, Haslum, & Golding, 1990) and neuropsychological (Satz et al., 1997) studies have demonstrated no long-term cognitive deficit in children following mild CHI.”
BackgroundResultDelineating Communication Impairments Associated With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report
Whelan, B., Murdoch, B., & Bellamy, N. (2007) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.htr.0000271120.04405.db · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The aims of this research were to (1) profile the language abilities of a case with mTBI utilizing a comprehensive linguistic assessment battery; (2) highlight cognitive-linguistic domains that may be sensitive to mild brain trauma; and (3) potentially expand working theories of “postconcussion” syndrome to include co…”
BackgroundRecovery from mild head injury in pediatric populations
Thompson, M. D., & Irby, J. W. (2003) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1071-9091(03)00021-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Inhibitory control differences following mild head injury.
Stewart, J. L., & Tannock, R. (1999) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.1999.1141 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Studer, M., Simonetti, B. G., Joeris, A., Margelisch, K., Steinlin, M., Roebers, C., & Heinks, T. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000927 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Even though this assumption is supported by meta-analyses and reviews, there is a high variability within outcome studies after mTBI (Babikian & Asarnow, 2009; Carroll et al., 2004; Satz et al., 1997).”
ResultAcute post-concussive symptoms in young children
Bernard, C. O., McKinlay, A., Krieser, D., Testa, R., & Ponsford, J. L. (2017) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1350999 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Inclusion of a TC group is essential to tease out the effects of mTBI from other pre-existing or non-injury factors [23,24].”
BackgroundMelchers, P., Maluck, A., Suhr, L., Scholten, S., & Lehmkuhl, G. (1999) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-1999-00080 · Cited by 28
“Other authors pinpoint the importance of sequelae even after mild head injury [9].”
Beauchamp, M. H., Landry-Roy, C., Gravel, J., Beaudoin, C., & Bernier, A. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4868 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“16 Alternately, it has also been suggested that difficulties, or more protracted recovery periods following mTBI, may simply reflect the presence of problems that pre-date injury.”
Winkler, R., & Taylor, N. F. (2015) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000114 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hayman-Abello, S. E., Rourke, B., & Fuerst, D. (2003) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617703960097 · Cited by 27
“This type of referral bias is thought to risk an overrepresentation of pathology (Satz et al., 1997), but the prevalence estimates generated in the current study are generally equal to, or lower than, those obtained in recent research.”
Result
- Authors
- Satz, P., Zaucha, K., McCleary, C., Light, R., Asarnow, R., & Becker, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 107-131
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2039083624
- Cited by
- 245
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P50NS030308, R01 NS26801, P50 NS30308-02, R01NS026801)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, children, adolescents, neuropsychological outcomes, educational outcomes, psychosocial outcomes, methodological quality, null hypothesis
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Brain Damage, Chronic, Child, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Social Adjustment, Head Injuries, Closed
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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