Cited by 1,150Religion, Spirituality, and PsychologyReligion and Society InteractionsMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

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Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

Smith, Timothy B., McCullough, Michael E., Poll, Justin·2003·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614

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Abstract

The association between religiousness and depressive symptoms was examined with meta-analytic methods across 147 independent investigations (N = 98,975). Across all studies, the correlation between religiousness and depressive symptoms was -.096, indicating that greater religiousness is mildly associated with fewer symptoms. The results were not moderated by gender, age, or ethnicity, but the religiousness-depression association was stronger in studies involving people who were undergoing stress due to recent life events. The results were also moderated by the type of measure of religiousness used in the study, with extrinsic religious orientation and negative religious coping (e.g., avoiding difficulties through religious activities, blaming God for difficulties) associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, the opposite direction of the overall findings.

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Authors: Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll, J.
Affiliations: Brigham Young University (US)
University of Miami (US)
ORCID: Smith, Timothy B.
McCullough, Michael E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003-07
Volume: 129
Issue: 4
Pages: 614-636
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
OpenAlex: W2126015108
Cited by: 1,150
References: 237
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 2.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2007-12-03)
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords: religiosity, depression, depressive symptoms, life events, moderating effect, extrinsic religiosity, negative religious coping, religious coping, religiosity measurement, gender differences, age differences, ethnic differences
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Defense Mechanisms, Depression, Humans, Internal-External Control, Life Change Events, Religion and Psychology

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

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