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Cited by 1,150Religion, Spirituality, and PsychologyReligion and Society InteractionsMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 241 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

Smith, Timothy B., McCullough, Michael E., Poll, Justin·2003·Psychological Bulletin
DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
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Abstract

The association between religiousness and depressive symptoms was examined with meta-analytic methods across 147 independent investigations (N = 98,975). Across all studies, the correlation between religiousness and depressive symptoms was -.096, indicating that greater religiousness is mildly associated with fewer symptoms. The results were not moderated by gender, age, or ethnicity, but the religiousness-depression association was stronger in studies involving people who were undergoing stress due to recent life events. The results were also moderated by the type of measure of religiousness used in the study, with extrinsic religious orientation and negative religious coping (e.g., avoiding difficulties through religious activities, blaming God for difficulties) associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, the opposite direction of the overall findings.

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Show all 237 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Begg, 1994, Publication bias., 399
  2. Hill, 1999, Measures of religiosity.
  3. 10.1023/A:1022978019315 · DOI
  4. Lyons, 1996, The meta-analysis calculator
  5. 10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.1102 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Shadish, 1994, Combining estimates of effect size., 261
  7. 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.578 · DOI · Paper page

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Metadata

Authors
Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll, J.
Affiliations
  • Brigham Young University (US)
  • University of Miami (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Bulletin
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2003-07
Volume
129
Issue
4
Pages
614-636
ISSN
  • 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1455
DOI
10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
OpenAlex
W2126015108
Cited by
1,150
References
237
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 75
FWCI
2.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2007-12-03)
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords
religiosity, depression, depressive symptoms, life events, moderating effect, extrinsic religiosity, negative religious coping, religious coping, religiosity measurement, gender differences, age differences, ethnic differences
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Defense Mechanisms, Depression, Humans, Internal-External Control, Life Change Events, Religion and Psychology

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