The DOI matches its Crossref record; 437 of the 439 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On the anglocentricities of current reading research and practice: The perils of overreliance on an “outlier” orthography.
Abstract
In this critique of current reading research and practice, the author contends that the extreme ambiguity of English spelling-sound correspondence has confined reading science to an insular, Anglocentric research agenda addressing theoretical and applied issues with limited relevance for a universal science of reading. The unique problems posed by this "outlier" orthography, the author argues, have focused disproportionate attention on oral reading accuracy at the expense of silent reading, meaning access, and fluency, and have significantly distorted theorizing with regard to many issues-including phonological awareness, early reading instruction, the architecture of stage models of reading development, the definition and remediation of reading disability, and the role of lexical-semantic and supralexical information in word recognition. The dominant theoretical paradigm in contemporary (word) reading research--the Coltheart/Baron dual-route model (see, e.g., J. Baron, 1977; M. Coltheart, 1978) and, in large measure, its connectionist rivals--arose largely in response to English spelling-sound obtuseness. The model accounts for a range of English-language findings, but it is ill-equipped to serve the interests of a universal science of reading chiefly because it overlooks a fundamental unfamiliar-to-familiar/novice-to-expert dualism applicable to all words and readers in all orthographies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The proper development of this system is surely relevant in English (Shaywitz et al., 2002), but it may be even more important in other writing systems (van der Mark et al., 2009; Share, 2008; Ziegler, 2006; Siok, Perfetti, Jin, & Tan, 2004; Holopainen, Ahonen, & Lyytinen, 2001; Paulesu et al., 2001).”
From The Development of Cortical Sensitivity to Visual Word Forms (2011) · cites this paper as Share, 2008
Citations
Cites
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Pearson, P. D., Barr, (. E., Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., & Barr, R. (1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5764 · Cited by 6,850
Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children
National Research Council (1998) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/6023 · Cited by 5,541
Chomsky, N., & Halle, M. (1968) · Cited by 5,162
The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model.
Kintsch, W. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.2.163 · Cited by 4,618
DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud.
Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Ziegler, J. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.1.204 · Cited by 4,500
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Langenberg, D. N. (2000) · Cited by 4,305
Editorial Office (1997) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089297765555359 · Cited by 3,941
A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming.
Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.523 · Cited by 3,909
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,000
Reading and Spelling in Arabic: Linguistic and Orthographic Complexity
Taha, H. Y. (2013) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.4304/tpls.3.5.721-727 · Cited by 83
Tong, S. X., Tong, X., & McBride-Chang, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219413492854 · Cited by 80
Grigorenko, E. L., Geiser, C., Slobodskaya, H. R., & Francis, D. J. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0020703 · Cited by 80
Duncan, L. G., Castro, S. L., Defior, S., Seymour, P. H. K., Baillie, S., Leybaert, J., Mousty, P., Genard, N., Sarris, M., Pórpodas, C. D., et al. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.02.009 · Cited by 80
Chyl, K., Kossowski, B., Dębska, A., Łuniewska, M., Banaszkiewicz, A., Zelechowska, A., Frost, S. J., Mencl, W., Wypych, M., Marchewka, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12774 · Cited by 73
Common Misconceptions about the Phonological Deficit Theory of Dyslexia
Share, D. L. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111510 · Cited by 78
Self-citationShany, M., & Share, D. L. (2010) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-010-0047-4 · Cited by 78
Self-citationUnderlying skills of oral and silent reading
van den Boer, M., van Bergen, E., & de Jong, P. F. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.07.008 · Cited by 77
Deacon, S. H., Commissaire, É., Chen, X., & Pasquarella, A. (2012) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-012-9407-2 · Cited by 77
Smaller, Quicker, Cheaper: Improving Learning Assessments for Developing Countries
Wagner, D. A. (2011) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 77
Frost, R. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000635 · Cited by 77
Orthographic depth and developmental dyslexia: a meta-analytic study
Carioti, D., Masia, M. F., Travellini, S., & Berlingeri, M. (2021) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-021-00226-0 · Cited by 81
GraphoGame – a catalyst for multi-level promotion of literacy in diverse contexts
Ojanen, E., Ronimus, M., Ahonen, T. P. S., Chansa-Kabali, T., February, P. J., Jere-Folotiya, J. P., Kauppinen, K.-P., Ketonen, R., Ngorosho, D., Pitkänen, M., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00671 · Cited by 76
Barbiero, C., Lonciari, I., Montico, M., Monasta, L., Penge, R., Vio, C., Tressoldi, P. E., Ferluga, V., Bigoni, A., Tullio, A., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048082 · Cited by 76
Manolitsis, G., Grigorakis, I., & Georgiou, G. K. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01793 · Cited by 76
Lallier, M., Donnadieu, S., Berger, C., & Valdois, S. (2009) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2009.03.014 · Cited by 75
Towards a dynamic, comprehensive conceptualization of dyslexia
Wolf, M., Gotlieb, R. J. M., Kim, S. A., Pedroza, V., Rhinehart, L. V., Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., & Sears, S. (2024) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-023-00297-1 · Cited by 82
McWeeny, S., Choi, S. J., Choe, J., LaTourrette, A. S., Roberts, M. Y., & Norton, E. S. (2022) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.467 · Cited by 97
Covariation between reading and arithmetic skills from Grade 1 to Grade 7
Korpipää, H., Koponen, T. K., Aro, M. T., Tolvanen, A. J., Aunola, K., Poikkeus, A., Lerkkanen, M., & Nurmi, J. (2017) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.06.005 · Cited by 73
Lallier, M., Valdois, S., Lassus‐Sangosse, D., Prado, C., & Kandel, S. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.01.021 · Cited by 85
Word Reading Fluency as a Serial Naming Task
Protopapas, A., Katopodi, K., Altani, A., & Georgiou, G. K. (2018) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2018.1430804 · Cited by 73
Mousikou, P., Beyersmann, E., Ktori, M., Javourey‐Drevet, L., Crepaldi, D., Ziegler, J. C., Jonathan Grainger, B., & Schroeder, S. (2020) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12952 · Cited by 72
Involvement of the right hemisphere in reading comprehension: A DTI study
Horowitz‐Kraus, T., Wang, Y., Plante, E., & Holland, S. K. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.034 · Cited by 77
Zhang, H. S., & Koda, K. (2017) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-017-9773-x · Cited by 72
A tale of one letter: morphological processing in early Arabic spelling.
Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2013) · Writing Systems Research · doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.857586 · Cited by 71
Learning to Read a Semitic Abjad: The Triplex Model of Hebrew Reading Development
Share, D. L., & Bar-On, A. (2017) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219417718198 · Cited by 71
Self-citationMurphy, K. A., Jogia, J., & Talcott, J. B. (2018) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.08.005 · Cited by 71
Rau, A., Moeller, K., & Landerl, K. (2013) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2013.857673 · Cited by 70
Children’s Phonological Awareness as a Predictor of Reading and Spelling
Pfost, M. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637/a000141 · Cited by 70
Putting the learning into orthographic learning
Nation, K., & Castles, A. E. (2017) · Studies in written language and literacy · doi:10.1075/swll.15.09nat · Cited by 70
Rosenthal, J., & Ehri, L. C. (2010) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-010-9239-x · Cited by 69
Measuring Lexical Quality: The Role of Spelling Ability
Andrews, S., Veldre, A., & Clarke, I. E. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01387-3 · Cited by 68
The role of reading time complexity and reading speed in text comprehension.
Wallot, S., O'BRIEN, B. A., Haussmann, A., Kloos, H., & Lyby, M. S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000030 · Cited by 68
The Cognitive Linkage and Divergence of Spelling and Reading Development
Vaessen, A., & Blomert, L. (2012) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2011.614665 · Cited by 72
Taylor, J. S. H., Davis, M. H., & Rastle, K. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000301 · Cited by 67
Plakas, A., van Zuijen, T. L., van Leeuwen, T. H., Thomson, J., & van der Leij, A. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.02.013 · Cited by 67
Gentaz, É., Sprenger-Charolles, L., & Theurel, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119581 · Cited by 81
Veenendaal, N. J., Groen, M. A., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2016) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2015.1128939 · Cited by 65
Reading in French-speaking adults with dyslexia
Martin, J. G., Colé, P., Leuwers, C., Casalis, S., Zorman, M., & Sprenger-Charolles, L. (2010) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-010-0043-8 · Cited by 65
Foundations of reading comprehension in children with intellectual disabilities
van Wingerden, E., Segers, E., van Balkom, H., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.015 · Cited by 70
Reading and Writing Words: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective
McBride, C. A., Pan, D. J., & Mohseni, F. (2021) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2021.1920595 · Cited by 63
The relationship between mind wandering and reading comprehension: A meta-analysis
Bonifacci, P., Viroli, C., Vassura, C., Colombini, E., & Desideri, L. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02141-w · Cited by 71
Alphabetism in reading science
Share, D. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00752 · Cited by 63
Self-citationForm–meaning links in the development of visual word recognition
Nation, K. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0119 · Cited by 62
Spelling Acquisition in English and Italian: A Cross-Linguistic Study
Marinelli, C. V., Romani, C., Burani, C., & Zoccolotti, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01843 · Cited by 62
Schiff, R., & Lotem, E. (2011) · First Language · doi:10.1177/0142723710393098 · Cited by 58
Relationships Between Phonological Awareness and Reading in Spanish: A Meta‐Analysis
Míguez‐Álvarez, C., Alonso, M. C., & Saavedra, Á. (2021) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12471 · Cited by 57
Learning and teaching Chinese as a foreign language: A scoping review
Chan, J., Woore, R., Molway, L., & Mutton, T. (2022) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3370 · Cited by 57
Schiff, R., & Saiegh-Haddad, E. (2017) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9713-1 · Cited by 57
Ahmad, H. A., Ibrahim, R., & Share, D. L. (2014) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8545-7_8 · Cited by 60
Self-citationEffects of training phonological awareness on children's reading skills
Pfost, M., Blatter, K., Artelt, C., Stanat, P., & Schneider, W. (2019) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101067 · Cited by 68
Learning to spell in an alphasyllabary: The case of Kannada
Nag, S., Rebecca Treiman, A., & Snowling, M. J. (2010) · Writing Systems Research · doi:10.1093/wsr/wsq001 · Cited by 56
Building literacy in alphabetic, abjad and morphosyllabic systems
Tolchinsky, L., Levin, I., Aram, D., & McBride-Chang, C. A. (2011) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-011-9334-7 · Cited by 56
The simple view of reading in elementary school: A systematic review
Salceda, J. C. R., Alonso, G. A., & Castilla-Earls, A. P. (2013) · Revista de Logopedia Foniatría y Audiología · doi:10.1016/j.rlfa.2013.04.006 · Cited by 63
Dębska, A., Łuniewska, M., Chyl, K., Banaszkiewicz, A., Zelechowska, A., Wypych, M., Marchewka, A., Pugh, K., & Jednoróg, K. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.063 · Cited by 55
Asadi, I. A., Khateb, A., Ibrahim, R., & Taha, H. Y. (2017) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-017-9755-z · Cited by 58
Rakhlin, N., Mourgues, C., Cardoso‐Martins, C., Kornev, A. N., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2019) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.12.002 · Cited by 60
den Broeck, W. V., & Geudens, A. (2012) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.06.003 · Cited by 55
Asadi, I. A., Khateb, A., & Shany, M. (2016) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12093 · Cited by 60
How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading ratePreprint
Brysbaert, M. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xynwg · Cited by 512
Katzir, T., Schiff, R., & Kim, Y.-S. (2012) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.002 · Cited by 54
Davies, R. A. I., Rodríguez‐Ferreiro, J., Suárez‐Coalla, P., & Cuetos, F. (2012) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-012-9388-1 · Cited by 54
Reading in Arabic: New Evidence for the Role of Vowel Signs
Ibrahim, R. (2013) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2013.44036 · Cited by 54
Homophone density and phonological frequency in Chinese word recognition
Chen, H., Vaid, J., & Wu, J.-T. (2009) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960902804515 · Cited by 54
Diamanti, V., BENAKI, A., Mouzaki, A., Ralli, A. M., Antoniou, F., PAPAIOANNOU, S., & Protopapas, A. (2017) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716417000522 · Cited by 53
Horowitz‐Kraus, T., Cicchino, N., Amiel, M., Holland, S. K., & Breznitz, Z. (2014) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-014-0093-4 · Cited by 55
Morphological Knowledge and Decoding Skills of Deaf Readers
Clark, M. D., Gilbert, G. L., & Anderson, M. L. (2011) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2011.22018 · Cited by 53
Bonifacci, P., & Tobia, V. (2017) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2016.1261869 · Cited by 59
Thaler, V., Urton, K., Heine, A., Hawelka, S., Engl, V., & Jacobs, A. M. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.006 · Cited by 55
Topali, P., Haelermans, C., Molenaar, I., & Segers, E. (2025) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.4200 · Cited by 59
Shany, M., Bar-On, A., & Katzir, T. (2011) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-011-9314-y · Cited by 52
The Lexical Status of the Root in Processing Morphologically Complex Words in Arabic
Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y., & Leikin, M. (2016) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2016.1180525 · Cited by 52
Solheim, O. J., Frijters, J. C., Lundetræ, K., & Uppstad, P. H. (2018) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.05.004 · Cited by 60
Primor, L., Pierce, M. E., & Katzir, T. (2011) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-011-0059-8 · Cited by 54
Evaluating the Predictive Impact of an Emergent Literacy Model on Dyslexia in Italian Children
Bigozzi, L., Tarchi, C., Pezzica, S., & Pinto, G. (2014) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219414522708 · Cited by 51
Tobia, V., & Marzocchi, G. M. (2013) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2013.814768 · Cited by 56
Holloway, I. D., van Atteveldt, N., Blomert, L., & Ansari, D. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht347 · Cited by 51
Morphological awareness, word reading, and reading comprehension in Portuguese
de Freitas, P. V., da Mota, M. M. P. E., & Deacon, S. H. (2017) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716417000479 · Cited by 54
Gottardo, A., Chen, X., & Huo, M. R. Y. (2021) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.410 · Cited by 50
How does speed and accuracy in reading relate to reading comprehension in Arabic
Abu-Liel, A. K., Share, D. L., & Ibrahim, R. (2014) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 50
Self-citationJoye, N., Broc, L., Olive, T., & Dockrell, J. E. (2018) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2018.1491584 · Cited by 56
Cognitive predictors of shallow-orthography spelling speed and accuracy in 6th grade children
Rønneberg, V., & Torrance, M. (2017) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-017-9751-3 · Cited by 49
Serrano, F., Genard, N., Sucena, A., Defior, S., Alegría, J., Mousty, P., Leybaert, J., Castro, S. L., & Seymour, P. H. K. (2011) · Journal of Portuguese Linguistics · doi:10.5334/jpl.106 · Cited by 49
Typology, acquisition, and development
Berman, R. A. (2016) · Trends in language acquisition research · doi:10.1075/tilar.19.01ber · Cited by 48
Leikin, M., Schwartz, M., & Share, D. L. (2009) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-009-9210-x · Cited by 50
Self-citationDoes Tonal Information Affect the Early Stages of Visual-Word Processing in Thai?
Winskel, H., & Perea, M. (2013) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.813054 · Cited by 47
Carrillo, M. S., Alegría, J., & Marín, J. (2012) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-012-9391-6 · Cited by 47
Diamanti, V., Goulandris, N., Campbell, R., & Protopapas, A. (2017) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2017.1338291 · Cited by 47
Horowitz‐Kraus, T., & Breznitz, Z. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.027 · Cited by 48
Alphabet knowledge in preschool: A Rasch model analysis
Drouin, M. A., Horner, S. L., & Sondergeld, T. A. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.12.008 · Cited by 47
A theory of reading/writing: from literacy to literature
Olson, D. R. (2009) · Writing Systems Research · doi:10.1093/wsr/wsp005 · Cited by 46
Limerick, N. (2017) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/695487 · Cited by 46
The cognitive profile of adult dyslexics and its relation to their reading abilities
Beidas, H., Khateb, A., & Breznitz, Z. (2013) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-013-9428-5 · Cited by 53
Piquard-Kipffer, A., & Sprenger-Charolles, L. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.134.0491 · Cited by 46
Gentaz, É., Sprenger-Charolles, L., Theurel, A., & Colé, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078608 · Cited by 46
Elimelech, A., & Aram, D. (2019) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.264 · Cited by 46
Bonifacci, P., & Tobia, V. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.013 · Cited by 51
Perfetti, C. A., & Helder, A. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119705116.ch1 · Cited by 52
Meletis, D., & Dürscheid, C. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110757835 · Cited by 47
Blueprint for a Universal Theory of Learning to Read: The Combinatorial Model
Share, D. L. (2025) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.603 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Share, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Share, David L.
- ORCID
- Share, David L.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 584-615
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2040035146
- Cited by
- 1,022
- References
- 439
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 69.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Keywords
- orthography, science of reading, dual-route model, word recognition, silent reading, reading fluency, phonological awareness, early reading instruction, reading disorders, reading development
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Humans, Language, Linguistics, Reading, Research Design, Verbal Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review