The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Abstract
In a variety of situations in psychological research, it is desirable to be able to make statistical comparisons between correlation coefficients measured on the same individuals. For example, an experimenter may wish to assess whether two predictors correlate equally with a criterion variable. In another situation, the experimenter may wish to test the hypothesis that an entire matrix of correlations has remained stable over time. The present article reviews the literature on such tests, points out some statistics that should be avoided, and presents a variety of techniques that can be used safely with medium to large samples. Several illustrative numerical examples are provided.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As seen in Table 4, all between-subscale differences in correlation coefficients were statistically significant (all ps < 0.001).”
From Spanish adaptation of the experiential approach scale (Eas) (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Citations
Cites
Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education.
Smith, H., & Ferguson, G. A. (1967) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2283699 · Cited by 2,221
On the probable error of a coefficient of correlation deduced from a small sample
Fisher, R. A. (1921) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 2,089
Cross-lagged panel correlation: A test for spuriousness.
Kenny, D. A. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.82.6.887 · Cited by 546
The Comparison of Regression Variables
Williams, E. J. (1959) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1959.tb00346.x · Cited by 543
Hotelling, H. (1940) · The Annals of Mathematical Statistics · doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731867 · Cited by 436
Correlation Coefficients Measured on the Same Individuals
Dunn, O. J., & Clark, V. A. (1969) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1969.10500981 · Cited by 372
Single-sample tests for many correlations.
Larzelere, R. E., & Mulaik, S. A. (1977) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.3.557 · Cited by 351
Generalized least squares estimators in the analysis of covariance structures
Browne, M. W. (1974) · South African Statistical Journal · Cited by 337
Correlation Coefficients Measured on the Same Individuals
Dunn, O. J., & Clark, V. A. (1969) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2283746 · Cited by 263
Kenny, D. A. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.82.3.345 · Cited by 241
Pearson, K., & Filon, L. N. G. (1898) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character · doi:10.1098/rsta.1898.0007 · Cited by 219
Steiger, J. H. (1980) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1503_7 · Cited by 142
Self-citationEquality of Dependent Correlation Coefficients
Neill, J. J., & Dunn, O. J. (1975) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529435 · Cited by 79
Improving Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
Stanley, J. C. (1967) · Cited by 53
The analysis of patterned correlation matrices by generalized least squares
Browne, M. W. (1977) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1977.tb00730.x · Cited by 49
Testing Pattern Hypotheses for Correlation Matrices
McDonald, R. P. (1975) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291570 · Cited by 31
Testing Pattern Hypotheses for Covariance Matrices
McDonald, R. P. (1974) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291468 · Cited by 24
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Statistical power analyses using G∗Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.4.1149 · Cited by 37,615
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319 · Cited by 7,306
“45) than to the BIS (T = 5.38, p< .01; Steiger, 1980).”
InfluentialOptimized sgRNA design to maximize activity and minimize off-target effects of CRISPR-Cas9
Doench, J. G., Fusi, N., Sullender, M., Hegde, M., Vaimberg, E. W., Donovan, K. F., Smith, I., Tothova, Z., Wilen, C., Orchard, R., et al. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3437 · Cited by 4,637
Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity.
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755 · Cited by 4,464
“Thus, to determine whether the estimated mean validities for each leadership criterion were significantly different, we conducted the Steiger (1980) test, which takes dependency into account and allowed us to calculate a test statistic with a Student's t distribution .”
MethodRumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023910315561 · Cited by 3,808
Metadata
- Authors
- Steiger, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Steiger, James H.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1980-03
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 245-251
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2097137621
- Cited by
- 4,621
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 227 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 212 · 2021: 214 · 2020: 242 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 302 · 2017: 265 · 2016: 261 · 2015: 260 · 2014: 189 · 2013: 197 · 2012: 148
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- correlation coefficient, hypothesis testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
