The DOI matches its Crossref record.
A dynamic systems model of cognitive and language growth.
Abstract
In the first part of the article, a conceptual framework is sketched to define cognitive growth, including language growth, as a process of growth under limited resources. Important concepts are the process, level, and rate of growth; minimal structural growth level; carrying capacity and unutilized capacity for growth; and feedback delay. Second, a mathematical model of cognitive growth under limited resources is presented, with the conclusion that the most plausible model is a model of logistic growth with delayed feedback. Third, the model is transformed into a dynamic systems model based on the logistic growth equation. This model describes cognitive growth as a system of supportive and competitive interactions between growers. Models of normal logistic growth, U-shaped growth, bootstrap growth, and competitive growth are also presented. An overview is presented of forms of adaptation of resources (e.g., parental and tutorial assistance and support) to the growth characteristics of a cognitive or linguistic competence. Finally, the question of how the model can account for stages of growth is discussed.
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“Some subsystems support each other while others compete for limited resources, and the development of one leads to the retreat of the other (Van Geert, 1991).”
From Dynamic development of syntactic complexity in second language writing: A longitudinal case study of a young Chinese EFL learner (2022) · cites this paper as Van Geert, 1991
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Items 201–300 of 383
Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., & van Geert, P. V. (2004) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620444000157 · Cited by 12
“Basic relationships consist of support, competition or conditionality (Van Geert, 1991, 1994a).”
BackgroundImage Entropy for Discrete Dynamical Systems
Abraham, R. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29503-4_12 · Cited by 12
Transitions in cognitive development: prospects and limitations of a neural dynamic approach
van der Maas, H. L. J., & Raijmakers, M. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300598.003.0015 · Cited by 12
“Van Rijn et al. (2003) give an overview of computational models of the balance scale task.”
BackgroundWords and their usage: Commentary on the special issue on the bilingual mental lexicon
Ellis, N. (2008) · doi:10.1075/ml.3.3.07ell · Cited by 12
“…1999), Chaos Complexity Theory (Ellis & Larsen-Freeman, 2009; Holland, 1992, 1998; Larsen-Freeman, 1997; Larsen-Freeman & Cameron, 2008), and Dynamic Systems Theory (de Bot, Lowie, & Verspoor, 2007; Ellis, 2007, 2008; Port & Van Gelder, 1995; Spivey, 2006; Thelen & Smith, 1994; van Geert, 1991).”
Liu, J.-L., Wu, M., & Liu, H. (2025) · System (Linköping) · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103678 · Cited by 11
Language Learning and the Brain
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McFarland, D., & Malta, L. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1000066x · Cited by 11
“Van Geert, P. (2009) Complex dynamic systems of development.”
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van Geert, P. V., & van Dijk, M. V. (2015) · Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0343 · Cited by 10
“Examples from our own work concern language development (Van Geert, 1991; Van Dijk et al. 2013), feeding and eating (Van Dijk, Hunnius & Van geert, 2013), early scientific reasoning (Van der Steen et al., 2014), play and social interaction (Steenbeek & Van Geert, 2010, 2011, 2014), identity and…”
BackgroundComputational perspectives on cognitive development
Mareschal, D. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.67 · Cited by 9
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“Van Geert, P. (2009) Complex dynamic systems of development.”
BackgroundNonlinear Change Models in Populations with Unobserved Heterogeneity
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“…spurt naturally emerges as a mathematical consequence of words’ varying in difficulty level and being learned in parallel, suggesting that various psychological explanations are not necessary to explain a vocabulary spurt (McMurray, 2007; see van Geert, 1991, for an alternative explanation).”
BackgroundSymptom networks and psychiatric categories
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BackgroundLes fondements de la psychopathologie développementale
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“…development, known in the literature as transitions (Connell & Furman, 1984; Elman et al., 1996; Fisher, Pipp, & Bullock, 1984; Fisher & Rose, 1994; Geert, 1991, 1997; KarmiloffSmith, 1994; Johnson, 1997; Magnusson & Cairns, 1996; McCall, Eichnor, & Hogarthy, 1977; Reznick, Corley, & Robinson,…”
BackgroundModelling vocabulary growth from birth to young adulthood
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“Bates & Carnevale [5] and van Geert [14] have modelled vocabulary growth as a dynamic system using logistic growth functions.”
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Lautrey, J., Mazoyer, B., & van Geert, P. V. (2002) · doi:10.4000/books.editionsmsh.6672 · Cited by 9
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Meindertsma, H., van Dijk, M. V., Steenbeek, H., & van Geert, P. V. (2014) · doi:10.1111/mbe.12049 · Cited by 8
Abstracting Grammar from Social–Cognitive Foundations: A Developmental Sketch of Learning
Ibbotson, P. (2011) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025609 · Cited by 8
“…u se r a nd is n ot to b e di ss em in at ed b ro ad ly . nents of a system undergoing qualitative change, leading some cognitive scientists to seek insights from complexity science and dynamic systems theory to explain language development (Ninio, 2006; Thelen & Smith, 1994; van Geert, 1991).”
BackgroundA Dynamic Model of Cognitive Growth in a Population: Spatial Tasks and Conservation
Eckstein, S. G. (1999) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1006/jmps.1998.1219 · Cited by 5
Kim, J.-E., & Hwang, Y. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103516 · Cited by 8
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Han, Z.-H., & Bao, G. (2023) · Frontiers of Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2023.1142584 · Cited by 7
“First and foremost, it posits that individual learners’ total energy or “carrying capacity” [86] is different, which leads to different levels of attainment.”
BackgroundA complex dynamical systems approach to the development of feeding problems in early childhood.
van Dijk, M. V. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104982 · Cited by 7
“In psychology, the interactions and transactions between components can take various forms and are person-specific (Van Geert, 1991, 1994, 2014).”
Understanding Delay in Developmental Disorders
Thomas, M. (2016) · doi:10.1111/cdep.12169 · Cited by 7
Lock, A., & Zukow‐Goldring, P. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444327564.ch13 · Cited by 19
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Modeling Adaptive Dynamical Systems to Analyze Eating Regulation Disorders
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Representational redescription, memory, and connectionism
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The real problem with constructivism
Bloom, P., & Wynn, K. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036633 · Cited by 6
Messer, D. J., Henry, L. A., & Danielsson, H. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13101377 · Cited by 6
“The technique can be related to growth curve modelling [53,54], and focuses on group differences in developmental progression, rather than focusing on differences at a specific age or ability level.”
BackgroundDriver, C. C., & Tomasik, M. (2023) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13990 · Cited by 6
Zhang, S., & Ren, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.916597 · Cited by 8
“Low learning efficiency may be due to the inefficient interaction among the main components in a system (Van Geert, 1991, 1994; Wang, 2018b).”
BackgroundChaostrophes, Intermittency, and Noise
Abraham, R. (2020) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003072676-2 · Cited by 6
Neuroenergetics and “General Intelligence”: A Systems Biology Perspective
Debatin, T. (2020) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence8030031 · Cited by 6
“The term has a long history, but I consider my following definition to be within the mainstream (similar to Van Geert 1991): the maximal stable level of a certain outcome a system can provide.”
BackgroundInfluentialOu, L., Andrade, A., Alberto, R. A., Bakker, A., & Bechger, T. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01136 · Cited by 8
“The within-and between-subject variabilities can be quantitative as well as qualitative in nature ( Pintrich, 1988; Van Geert, 1991; van der Maas and Molenaar, 1992; van Dijk and van Geert, 2007; Stephen et al., 2009).”
BackgroundFukuda, M. (2014) · Foreign Language Annals · doi:10.1111/flan.12114 · Cited by 6
Extending the network perspective on comorbidity
Haig, B., & Vertue, F. M. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000762 · Cited by 6
“Van Geert, P. (2009) Complex dynamic systems of development.”
BackgroundA phase transition model for mother-child interaction: comment on Olthof et al., 2000
van der Maas, H. L. J., & Raijmakers, M. E. J. (2000) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/1522-7219(200006)9:2 · Cited by 5
Where redescriptions come from
Olson, D. R. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036827 · Cited by 5
Situating representational redescriptionin infants' pragmatic knowledge
Rutkowska, J. C. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036840 · Cited by 3
Abraham, R. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1122-9_1 · Cited by 6
Dynamic modelling of cognitive development: time, situatedness and variability
van Geert, P. L. C. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489938.013 · Cited by 5
Mechanisms in the explanation of developmental change.
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On Determining the Dimension of Discontinuities in Human Learning and Development
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“This is indicative of the interaction in the dynamic systems: Some subsystems support each other while others compete for limited resources, and the development of one leads to the retreat of the other (Van Geert, 1991).”
BackgroundChapter 2. Coordination of linguistic subsystems as a sign of automatization?
Hou, J., Loerts, H., & Verspoor, M. H. (2020) · doi:10.1075/lllt.54.02hou · Cited by 5
Trajectories of scientific reasoning: A microgenetic study on children’s inquiry functioning
Montes, J., van Dijk, M. V., Puche, R., & van Geert, P. V. (2017) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2017.07 · Cited by 5
“Complex dynamic systems are likely to have a number of properties, such as self-organization, the emergence of attractor states, soft assembly, differentiation into mutually interacting time scales, and discontinuous change (see Smith & Thelen, 1993; van Geert, 1991, 2008).”
BackgroundNeuroconstructivisme : comprendre les trajectoires développementales typiques et atypiques
Thomas, M. S. C., & Baughman, F. D. (2014) · doi:10.4074/s0013754514003036 · Cited by 5
“…(voir par exemple : Chapman, Hesketh, & Kistler, 2002 ; Rice, 2004 ; Rice et al., 2005 ; Singer Harris et al., 1997 ; Thelen & Smith, 1994 ; van Geert, 1991) et plus largement de la prise en compte de la forme du changement au cours du développement (Elman et al., 1996 ; Karmiloff-Smith,…”
BackgroundAgent‐Based Modeling of Growth Processes
Abraham, R. (2014) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12045 · Cited by 6
Modelling developmental disorders
Thomas, M., Baughman, F. D., Karaminis, T., & Addyman, C. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203100288-12 · Cited by 5
“Within the study of the development of language, growth modelling has been used to study how children acquire vocabulary, over a period of days, weeks, months and years (van Geert, 1991).”
Backgroundvan Geert, P. V., & Steenbeek, H. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000828 · Cited by 5
“Van Geert, P. (2009) Complex dynamic systems of development.”
BackgroundBornstein, R. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000592 · Cited by 5
“Van Geert, P. (2009) Complex dynamic systems of development.”
BackgroundChaos: On Making a Convincing Case for Social Psychology
Tesser, A., McMillen, R., & Collins, J. C. (1997) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0802_10 · Cited by 5
Campbell, R. L. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00036669 · Cited by 3
Development, Complex Dynamic Systems of
van Geert, P. L. C. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_120 · Cited by 10
Network analysis for modeling complex systems in SLA research
Freeborn, L., Andringa, S. J., Lunansky, G., & Rispens, J. (2022) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263122000407 · Cited by 86
“…development as a complex system, changes in development are dependent on interactions between a learner ’ s internal resources like working memory, motivation, and personality, as well as external, environmental resources like the teacher, learning materials, and language use (van Geert, 1991).”
A Complex Network Framework to Model Cognition: Unveiling Correlation Structures from Connectivity
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“Despite the fact that Dynamical Systems Theory (DST from now on) has only recently begun to make its way into linguistics (e.g. Ellis & Larsen-Freeman, 2009; Gibbs & Colston, 2012), its first applications to the study of language date back to the late 80s and early 90s (e.g. Van Geert, 1991).”
BackgroundVariability in a dynamic system theory approach to second language acquisition
Verspoor, M. H., van Dijk, M. V., & Chapelle, C. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1251 · Cited by 4
The Slippery Slope of Downward Causation
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“Van Geert, P. (2009) Complex dynamic systems of development.”
BackgroundQuestions about networks, measurement, and causation
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“Van Geert, P. (2009) Complex dynamic systems of development.”
BackgroundParladé, M. V. (2008) · doi:10.1400/152607 · Cited by 4
DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DYNAMIC EDUCATION
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Redescription of intentionality
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From the decline of development to the ascent of consciousness
Zelazo, P. D. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003689x · Cited by 4
Thinking of variability during infancy and beyond
Rosengren, K. (2002) · doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(02)00139-x · Cited by 4
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“Central to DST are its emphasis on ongoing change and the interconnectedness of internal components (de Bot et al., 2007, de Bot and Larsen-Freeman, 2011; Freeman and Cameron, 2008; Schmid and Mehotcheva, 2012; van Geert, 1991).”
Dynamic Models of Learning That Characterize Parent-Child Exchanges Predict Vocabulary Growth.
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“In a study of cognitive growth models Van Geert (1991) applied the exponential growth model and several other growth models to vocabulary growth as examples of dynamic cognitive growth models.”
MethodCapturing complex processes of human performance : insights from the domain of sports
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“However, researchers have shown that such processes can be investigated using computer simulations (e.g., Nowak, Szamrej, & Latané, 1990; Nowak, Introduction 19 Vallacher, Tesser, & Borkowski, 2000; Schuhmacher, Ballato, & Van Geert, 2014; Van Geert, 1991).”
BackgroundNguyen, S. M. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/644a094ez08b3z4dbaz8542z13a9be39e42c · Cited by 2
Chaotic Synchronization and the Global Economy
Abraham, R., & Nivala, M. (2013) · doi:10.1177/2277975213507836 · Cited by 3
Cognitive Development in Childhood
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Heimann, M. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444324617.ch9 · Cited by 3
Comorbidity: Cognition and biology count!
Rubinsten, O., & Henik, A. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000695 · Cited by 5
“Van Geert, P. (2009) Complex dynamic systems of development.”
Bosse, T., & Treur, J. (2008) · Advances in Complex Systems · doi:10.1142/s021952590800188x · Cited by 3
“the growth of a child’s lexicon L between 10 and 17 months [13].”
BackgroundModelling dynamics of cognitive agents by higher-order potentialities
Bosse, T., & Treur, J. (2006) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agent Systems · doi:10.1145/1160633.1160650 · Cited by 3
Dynamic growth modeling of human cognitive microdevelopment
Yan, Z., & Fischer, K. (2002) · Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Development and Learning. ICDL 2002 · doi:10.1109/devlrn.2002.1011875 · Cited by 3
“, Fischer & Kennedy, 1997; Thelen & Smith, 1998; van Geert, 1991 & 1994b). For example, van Geert (1994b) developed a two-grower model to simulate Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- van Geert, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- van Geert, Paul
- ORCID
- van Geert, Paul
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-53
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2018559712
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 29.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational and Psychological Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive development, language growth, dynamic system model, logistic growth, delayed feedback, resource constraints, carrying capacity, competitive growth, growth stages, parental support, tutorial support, language skills
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