A life course perspective on retirement, gender, and well-being

“The transition to retirement can be a qualitatively different experience for male and female retirees due to differences in career paths, meaning of work, economic conditions, and gender role expectations (Kim & Moen, 2001; Moen, 1996).”

“We were also concerned by the large age range used; it includes retirement and there is evidence of gender differences in links between retirement and health (Moen, 1996).”

“From a lifecourse perspective (Elder, 1995; Moen, 1996; Elder and Johnson, 2003), the effect of family histories is a significant feature of women’s labour market participation, not only earlier in their life but also later in life relative to their male counterparts (Drobnič et al., 1999; Finch,…”

“Retirement planning behaviors contribute to greater financial security and well-being in retirement (Elder & Rudolph, 1999; Fletcher & Hansson, 1991; Hershey et al., 2013; Moen, 1996; Noone et al., 2009), and low levels of preretirement anxiety (Hershey & Mowen, 2000; Taylor-Carter et al., 1997).”

“A key idea consistent with contemporary developmental life course perspectives (for example, Elder 1995) is that a person’s life course or developmental trajectory is influenced by earlier life experiences and exposures, which have in part been shaped and reinforced by age-, gender- and other socially-graded norms, ex…”

“This is influenced by a range of factors at the individual level in addition to national social and organizational policies that create norms regarding the social legitimacy of different routes and timings of exit.(5,6) Although country-level institutional determinants of wellbeing have been studied in cross-section,(…”

“The sociodemographic factors included were education (classified as low [ ≤ 9 years], intermediate [10-12 years], and high [ ≥ 13 years]), marital status (married vs not married), and employment (defined as in blue and white collar, self-employed, and unknown).”

“Moen (1996) has argued that there are potential gender differences in the nature, experience, and implications of retirement.”

“Participation in paid work may meet material and psychological needs, such as economic security, social communication, and life meaningfulness (Moen 1996).”

“This was notable given that employment appears to be more central to men’s identities than to women’s (BarnesFarrell, 2003) and retirement is a gendered experience (Berger & Denton, 2004; McDonald, 2006; McDonald et al., 2000; McDonald et al., 1998; Moen, 1996).”

“When retirement is the exposure of interest, the focus has been on the relationship between retirement and mortality without discussing retirement types (Gallo et al., 2004; Marmot & Shipley, 1996; Moen, 1996).”

“…account for these motives, including activity theory (Havighurst, Neugarten, & Tobin, 1968), continuity theory (Monk, 1995), and life course theory, which views volunteering as a way of maintaining or regaining desirable self-perceptions through new priorities and role substitutions (Moen, 1996).”

“Moen (1996) noted that both gender and occupational career affect the opportunities and barriers that shape the experiences of individual women and men through and beyond retirement.”

“However, this topic is important in that “the intersection of age and gender produces distinctive life patterns for men and women at all stages of the life course” (Moen, 1996, p. 171).”

“It is not simply an objective life course transition, but is also a subjective developmental and social-psychological transformation that may be related to physical and psychological well-being (Kim & Moen, 2002; Moen, 1996).”

“Life courses are gender-specific, and the decisions relating to, and participation in, the domains of paid labour and unpaid family work are path-dependent (Moen, 2001; Moen, 1996).”

“…social roles related to employment) have been conducted based on transition phases, such as transitions from school to work (Dubow et al., 2006; Kokko et al., 2008), from work to retirement or transitions in family roles (e.g. Jokela et al., 2010; Moen, 1996; Mein et al., 2003; Moon et al., 2012).”

“Developmental timing matters because humans develop in biologically, socially, and psychologically meaningful ways throughout the life course (Clarke, Marshall, House, & Lantz, 2011; Elder, 2003), and the impact of a transition depends on the expectations one has at a given age (Moen, 1996).”

“However, biases may occur when early retirees are interviewed about their retirement, answers possibly being an outcome of post-rationalisations coloured by present or past events (Moen, 1996).”

“Social scientists explain the consistent positive relationship between work and health by pointing to the many material, social, and psychosocial resources that employment provides, from income and health insurance to supportive relationships and feelings of self-worth (Burgard and Lin 2013; Moen 1996; Pavalko and Smi…”

“In fact, men are expected to enjoy full-time leisure as a reward of full-time employment over long years and become free to pursue their own interests (Barnes & Parry, 2004; Moen, 1996).”

“As mentioned above, employment and work can be a powerful source of meaning (Moen, 1996; Steger & Dik, 2010) and this was evident in our data (work and”

“In retirement, expectations of generativity remain (Moen, 1996) and might then come from family and the community (Szinovacz & Davey, 2001).”

“Although some individuals’ lives and careers seem similar, the life 1 3 course perspective argues that there are events and situations in the past that influence workers’ unique intentions and future decisions about retirement (Beehr, 2014; Moen, 1996).”

“In retirement, life roles are being renegotiated and engagement in self-relevant activities can provide stability, purpose, and identity (Kim & Moen, 2001; Moen, 1996; Morrow-Howel, Hinterlong, Rozario, & Tang, 2003).”

“Women in midlife often face many challenges related to shifts in family-and work-related roles, economic stability, and health status (Moen, Dempster-McClain, and Williams 1992; Moen 1996; Smith and Moen 1988), which may directly influence on their health decisions and behaviors.”

“In retirement decision making, men have been reported to be more likely to consider financial aspects, while women were more likely to consider caring responsibilities and the retirement of their spouses (Moen, 1996).”

“We conducted interviews that included lifelong work histories (Moen, 1996) as well as questions about self-defined success, joys, and challenges, aging and embodiment, and advice to others.”

“Similarly, in her study of caregivers, Moen (1996) found that the timing, duration, and contextual features of a role were important.”

“For instance, men are more likely to consider financial aspects, while women are more likely to consider work-life balance, such as the work and caring responsibilities and the joint retirement decision with their spouses [20].”

“Whereas early research on the association between work and mental health found that retirement brings relief from the psychosocial stresses of the work environment (Palmore, Fillenbaum and George 1984), it has also been shown that lower sense of control and other psychological symptoms are more commonly reported by re…”

“Another resource, physical health, has been found to be the most consistent predictor of adjustment in retirement (e.g. Bosse, Aldwin, Levenson, & Workman-Daniels, 1991; Jonsson, 1993; Moen, 1996; Quick & Moen, 1998; Van Solinge & Henkens, 2008).”

“Retirement planning also helps older adults achieve greater satisfaction and enables them to adjust successfully to retired life (Moen, 1996).”

“To examine the impact of the retirement transition on well-being, understanding the circumstances surrounding the retirement transition and the individual’s perspective on their retirement becomes extremely consequential (Moen, 1996).”

“Research on successful retirement found that it is a process differing by gender, socioeconomic level, perceived opportunities in retirement and health status [4, 21, 25].”

“Thus, the circumstances surrounding retirement can be extremely consequential (Marshall and Clarke 1998; Moen 1996).”

“Moreover, we found that men tended to seek proximity to friends to a greater degree than women, suggesting that affiliative bonds may be more relevant for males (Emde and Harmon, 1982; Moen, 1996).”

“Moreover, because older women who delay retirement in order to accumulate pensions are likely to also be involved in care activities, they are likely to experience greater work–life imbalance, which may reduce their levels of well-being (Moen, 1996).”

“General well-being refers to the overall state of one’s life in which they are happy and healthy (Moen 1996).”

“Retirement, high medical expenses, and financial support from adult children may shape the type and characteristics of financial resources in later life (Lum, 2004; Moen, 1996).”

“Identity loss may be greater for men than for women, even in dual-earner couples, due to systematic differences in women’s joint family and labor force attachments (Moen, 1996; Onyura et al., 2015).”

“On the other hand, individuals who have greater resources often perceive more choices when constructing their own lifestyles as well as their living arrangements (Moen, 1996).”

“Especially in workplaces, the ICTs have accelerated the changes of employees’ working behaviors and labor activities as well as business process and the structures of organizations[3][17].”

“Further, changing social roles (e.g., through retirement, adult children leaving the home), or the death of partners and close friends alter the structure of one’s social network (Cohen-Mansfield et al., 2016; Moen, 1996; Pinquart & Sorensen, 2001; Rook & Charles, 2017).”

“Further, the occupational prestige and productive worth a career provides can contribute to an attachment to the work role that is difficult to overcome (Moen, 1996; Price, 2002).”

“Studies commonly examine how life events relate to changes in health and wellbeing outcomes [9, 10], while also considering how health and wellbeing may act as antecedents to life course transitions by predicting entries or exits from social institutions or roles [11].”

“As literature on retirement and well-being continues to expand, intra-household studies increasingly focus on gender perspectives to offer a more comprehensive understanding of well-being in old age (Loretto and Vickerstaff, 2013; Moen, 1996).”

“Implications for postretirement psychosocial states and hence senescence rates may correspondingly be different (Dahl et al., 2003; Moen, 1996).”

“Moen (1996) menyebutkan bahwa proses pension mungkin berbeda-beda pada tiap individu dan membawa dampak yang berbeda-beda pula.”

“Re-entries and exits are more common for women who are more likely to leave the work force due to family obligations (Moen, 1996; Moen & Chermack, 2005; Quick & Moen, 1998).”

“Same-sex couples, opposite-sex couples, retirement, retirement planning, retirement intentions, financial planning Retirement is a significant turning point in adulthood (Moen, 1996), and this transition requires some degree of planning.”

“Research on successful retirement finds it is a process differing by gender, socioeconomic level, perceived opportunity in retirement and health status [4, 21, 25].”