The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.
Abstract
Although intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) are commonly used in behavioral measurement, psychometrics, and behavioral genetics, procedures available for forming inferences about ICCs are not widely known. Following a review of the distinction between various forms of the ICC, this article p
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“ICC decomposes observed variance into between-query variance (task difficulty) and within-query variance (agent inconsistency), highlighting whether reported results reflect true capability or measurement noise.”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as McGraw and Wong 1996
In the citing paper
“Retrieval Accuracy showed strong agreement among annotators. Percent Agreement ranged from 93% (GPT-4o) to 98% (GLM). The ICC values, which measure absolute agreement between raters [39], range from 78.1% for GPT-4o to 96.9% for GLM.”
From CAIM: Development and Evaluation of a Cognitive AI Memory Framework for Long-Term Interaction with Intelligent Agents (2026) · cites this paper as [39]
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
An Approximate Distribution of Estimates of Variance Components
Satterthwaite, F. E. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002019 · Cited by 4,373
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012 · Cited by 31,709
Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires
Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D. M., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A. W. M., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012 · Cited by 10,764
Cane, J., O’Connor, D., & Michie, S. (2012) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-37 · Cited by 4,888
“To examine the agreement of these construct x domain ratings and construct assignment across participants, two-way intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) measures of consistency were used within each domain [43].”
MethodZwanenburg, A., Vallières, M., Abdalah, M. A., Aerts, H. J. W. L., Andrearczyk, V., Apte, A., Ashrafinia, S., Bakas, S., Beukinga, R. J., Boellaard, R., et al. (2020) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2020191145 · Cited by 4,177
Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement
LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106296642 · Cited by 3,608
Metadata
- Authors
- McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-46
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2067724039
- Cited by
- 6,903
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 392 · 2024: 350 · 2023: 403 · 2022: 430 · 2021: 531 · 2020: 463 · 2019: 405 · 2018: 354 · 2017: 286 · 2016: 298 · 2015: 300 · 2014: 309 · 2013: 250 · 2012: 273
- FWCI
- 20.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2006-07-10)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- intraclass correlation coefficient, statistical inference, behavioral genetics, behavioral assessment, psychometrics
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