An Approximate Distribution of Estimates of Variance Components
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A Welch's t-test for unequal variances was performed instead of a t-test for independent samples because homogeneity of variances could not be assumed.
“Originally, the researcher planned to conduct a t-test for independent samples, but when Levene's test returned non-tenable results (p = .000)in all tested hypothesis topics indicating that homogeneity of variances could not be assumed, a Welch's t-test for unequal variances was performed instead.”
From Differences of Mean Scores on the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT) for Classical Christian Schools Compared to Non-Classical Christian Schools (2019) · cites this paper as Satterthwaite (1946)
Cites
Satterthwaite, F. E. (1941) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02288586 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using <b>lme4</b>
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01 · Cited by 86,835 · see citing works
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137 · see citing works
<b>lmerTest</b> Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v082.i13 · Cited by 24,346 · see citing works
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 23,433 · see citing works
Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences
Gelman, A., & Rubin, D. B. (1992) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177011136 · Cited by 16,627 · see citing works
Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.
McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.1.30 · Cited by 6,903 · see citing works
The combination of estimates from different experiments
Cochran, W. G. (1954) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001666 · Cited by 5,380 · see citing works
A Practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference
Colin Cameron, A., & Miller, D. L. (2015) · Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.50.2.317 · Cited by 5,037 · see citing works
Ziegel, E. R., & Lohr, S. L. (2000) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1271491 · Cited by 2,450 · see citing works
Analysis of fMRI Time-Series Revisited—Again
Worsley, K. J., & Friston, K. J. (1995) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1995.1023 · Cited by 2,198 · see citing works
Lakens, D. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617697177 · Cited by 2,161 · see citing works
Ruxton, G. D. (2006) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/ark016 · Cited by 1,988 · see citing works
Comparisons of Treatments After an Analysis of Variance in Ecology
Day, R. W., & Quinn, G. P. (1989) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/1943075 · Cited by 1,985 · see citing works
Compulsive Buying: A Phenomenological Exploration
O’Guinn, T. C., & Faber, R. J. (1989) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209204 · Cited by 1,529 · see citing works
General multilevel linear modeling for group analysis in FMRI
Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00435-x · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
Inference by Eye: Confidence Intervals and How to Read Pictures of Data.
Cumming, G., & Finch, S. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.2.170 · Cited by 1,449 · see citing works
T test as a parametric statistic
Kim, T. K. (2015) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kjae.2015.68.6.540 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Fitting three-level meta-analytic models in R: A step-by-step tutorial
Assink, M., & Wibbelink, C. J. M. (2016) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.12.3.p154 · Cited by 1,330 · see citing works
Rao, J. N. K., & Scott, A. J. (1984) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176346391 · Cited by 1,286 · see citing works
Wineburg, S. (1991) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.83.1.73 · Cited by 1,253 · see citing works
Local Regression and Likelihood
Loader, C. R. (1999) · Statisctics and computing/Statistics and computing · doi:10.1007/b98858 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
A Robust Test for Weak Instruments
Olea, J. L. M., & PFLUEGER, C. E. (2013) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1080/00401706.2013.806694 · Cited by 1,127 · see citing works
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2003) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.466 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
Uncertainty in source partitioning using stable isotopes
Phillips, D. L., & Gregg, J. W. (2001) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420100723 · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
HARRIS, L. E., & Gurel, E. (1986) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb04550.x · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Rao, J. N. K., & Scott, A. J. (1981) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1981.10477633 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
Using the Student's t-test with extremely small sample sizes
de Winter, J. C. F. (2013) · University of Massachusetts Amherst · doi:10.7275/e4r6-dj05 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Models of Non-Independence in Dyadic Research
Kenny, D. A. (1996) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407596132007 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
De novo identification of differentially methylated regions in the human genome
Peters, T. J., Buckley, M. J., Statham, A. L., Pidsley, R., Samaras, K., Lord, R. V., Clark, S. J., & Molloy, P. L. (2015) · Epigenetics & Chromatin · doi:10.1186/1756-8935-8-6 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Approximations of the critical region of the fbietkan statistic
Iman, R. L., & Davenport, J. M. (1980) · Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods · doi:10.1080/03610928008827904 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
An overview of composite likelihood methods
Varin, C., Reid, N. M., & Firth, D. (2011) · doi:10.82444/warw.33615778 · Cited by 921 · see citing works
15 Design and Analysis of Cross-Over Trials
Kenward, M. G., & Jones, B. C. (2007) · Handbook of statistics · doi:10.1016/s0169-7161(07)27015-4 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Teare, M. D., Dimairo, M., Shephard, N., Hayman, A., Whitehead, A., & Walters, S. J. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-264 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Small sample adjustments for robust variance estimation with meta-regression.
Tipton, E. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000011 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
The effects of violations of assumptions underlying the t test.
Boneau, C. A. (1960) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0041412 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation for Interval Estimation From Simple Random Samples With Ignorable Nonresponse
Rubin, D. B., & Nathaniel Schenker, A. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1986.10478280 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
The Effect of Small Sample Size on Two-Level Model Estimates: A Review and Illustration
McNeish, D., & Stapleton, L. M. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-014-9287-x · Cited by 726 · see citing works
The power of statistical tests in meta-analysis
Hedges, L. V., & Pigott, T. D. (2001) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.6.3.203 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Faris, P., & Patel, K. D. (2007) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.04.002 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
The power of statistical tests for moderators in meta-analysis
Hedges, L. V., & Pigott, T. D. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.4.426 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Inference by eye: Reading the overlap of independent confidence intervals
Cumming, G. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3471 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Rubin, D. B. (1990) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177012032 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Variance estimation for complex surveys using replication techniques
Rust, K., & Rao, J. (1996) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029600500305 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Straus, S. G., & McGrath, J. E. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.1.87 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Comstock, R. E., & Robinson, H. F. (1948) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/3001412 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Strategies for analyzing ecological momentary assessment data.
Schwartz, J. E., & Stone, A. A. (1998) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.17.1.6 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Handbook of functional connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods in CONN
Nieto-Castañón, A. (2020) · Hilbert Press eBooks · doi:10.56441/hilbertpress.2207.6598 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Almost human: Anthropomorphism increases trust resilience in cognitive agents.
de Visser, E. J., Monfort, S. S., McKendrick, R., Smith, M. A. B., McKnight, P. E., Krueger, F., & Parasuraman, R. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000092 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
The psychopathic individual: A lack of responsiveness to distress cues?
Blair, J., Jones, L. F., Clark, F., & SMITH, M. H. D. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02131.x · Cited by 608 · see citing works
DeShon, R. P., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Schmidt, A. M., Milner, K. R., & Wiechmann, D. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1035 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Sampling Weights in Latent Variable Modeling
Asparouhov, T. (2005) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1203_4 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Powerful SNP-Set Analysis for Case-Control Genome-wide Association Studies
Wu, M. C., Kraft, P., Epstein, M. P., Taylor, D. M., Chanock, S. J., Hunter, D. J., & Lin, X. (2010) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.05.002 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Anatomy of Initial Public Offerings of Common Stock
Tiniç, S. M. (1988) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb02606.x · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Rittle‐Johnson, B., & Star, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.561 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Melchinger, A. E., Utz, H. F., & Schön, C. (1998) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/149.1.383 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Impact of the motor complications of Parkinson's disease on the quality of life
Chapuis, S., Ouchchane, L., Metz, O., Gerbaud, L., & Durif, F. (2004) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20279 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Timm, N. H. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/b98963 · Cited by 1,659 · see citing works
Common European birds are declining rapidly while less abundant species' numbers are rising
Inger, R., Gregory, R., Duffy, J. P., Stott, I., Voříšek, P., & Gaston, K. J. (2015) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12387 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Statistical analysis of spatial expression patterns for spatially resolved transcriptomic studies
Sun, S., Zhu, J., & Zhou, X. (2020) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0701-7 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
CD4 Counts as Predictors of Opportunistic Pneumonias in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
Masur, H., Ognibene, F. P., Yarchoan, R., Shelhamer, J. H., Baird, B. F., Travis, W., Suffredini, A. F., Deyton, L., Kovacs, J. A., Falloon, J., et al. (1989) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-111-3-223 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Pustejovsky, J. E., & Tipton, E. (2018) · Journal of Business & Economic Statistics · doi:10.1080/07350015.2016.1247004 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Pairwise Multiple Comparisons in the Unequal Variance Case
Dunnett, C. W. (1980) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1980.10477552 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Site-specific nutrient management for intensive rice cropping systems in Asia
Dobermann, A., Witt, C., Dawe, D., Abdulrachman, S., Gines, H. C., Nagarajan, R., Satawathananont, S., Son, T. T., Tan, P. S., Wang, G. H., et al. (2002) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/s0378-4290(01)00197-6 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
The statistical analysis of data from small groups.
Kenny, D. A., Mannetti, L., Pierro, A., Livi, S., & Kashy, D. A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.126 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Experiments with More Than One Random Factor: Designs, Analytic Models, and Statistical Power
Judd, C. M., Westfall, J., & Kenny, D. A. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033702 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Performance expectancy as a determinant of actual performance.
Aronson, E., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1962) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0042291 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
New Weighted Portmanteau Statistics for Time Series Goodness of Fit Testing
Fisher, T. J., & Gallagher, C. (2012) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2012.688465 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Linear mixed-effects modeling approach to FMRI group analysis
Chen, G., Saad, Z. S., Britton, J. C., Pine, D. S., & Cox, R. W. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.047 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Voice Disorders in Teachers and the General Population
Roy, N., Merrill, R. M., Thibeault, S. L., Gray, S. D., & Smith, E. (2004) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/042 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Assessing intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability of continuous measurements
Rousson, V., Gasser, T., & Seifert, B. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1253 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
RIPARIAN VEGETATION RESPONSE TO ALTERED DISTURBANCE AND STRESS REGIMES
Shafroth, P. B., Stromberg, J. C., & Patten, D. T. (2002) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0107:rvrtad]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Introduction to Spectral Analysis
Percival, D. B., & Walden, A. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139235723.002 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Ginos, M. A., Page, G. P., Michalowicz, B. S., Patel, K. J., Volker, S. E., Pambuccian, S. E., Ondrey, F. G., Adams, G. L., & Gaffney, P. M. (2004) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2144 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
The dark side of the sublime: Distinguishing a threat-based variant of awe.
Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., Anderson, C. L., McNeil, G. D., Loew, D., & Keltner, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000120 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
HiCS: High Contrast Subspaces for Density-Based Outlier Ranking
Keller, F., Müller, E., & Böhm, K. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE) · doi:10.1109/icde.2012.88 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Milus, E. A., Kristensen, K., & Hovmøller, M. S. (2008) · Phytopathology · doi:10.1094/phyto-99-1-0089 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Do Stock Mergers Create Value for Acquirers?
Savor, P. G., & Lu, Q. (2009) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01459.x · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic
Batterham, A. M., & Cox, A. J. (2006) · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Formalizing Subjective Notions About the Effect of Nonrespondents in Sample Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1977) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1977.10480610 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
A Randomized Study of Lung Cancer Screening with Spiral Computed Tomography
Infante, M. V., Cavuto, S., Lutman, R. F., Brambilla, G., Chiesa, G., Ceresoli, G. L., Passera, E., Angeli, E., Chiarenza, M., Aranzulla, G., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200901-0076oc · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Clarke, R. T., ROTHERY, P., & Raybould, A. F. (2002) · Journal of Agricultural Biological and Environmental Statistics · doi:10.1198/108571102320 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Cuperman, R., & Ickes, W. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015741 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Infante, M. V., Cavuto, S., Lutman, R. F., Passera, E., Chiarenza, M., Chiesa, G., Brambilla, G., Angeli, E., Aranzulla, G., Chiti, A., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201408-1475oc · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Statistical analysis of longitudinal neuroimage data with Linear Mixed Effects models
Bernal-Rusiel, J. L., Greve, D. N., Reuter, M., Fischl, B., & Sabuncu, M. R. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.065 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Fiducial Generalized Confidence Intervals
Hannig, J., Iyer, H. K., & Patterson, P. (2006) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/016214505000000736 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Straus, S. G. (1996) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496496271006 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Nitrogen deposition causes widespread loss of species richness in British habitats
Maskell, L. C., Smart, S. M., Bullock, J. M., Thompson, K. A., & Stevens, C. J. (2009) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02022.x · Cited by 332 · see citing works
On composite marginal likelihoods
Varin, C. (2008) · AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis · doi:10.1007/s10182-008-0060-7 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
To have and to hold: Gratitude promotes relationship maintenance in intimate bonds.
Gordon, A. M., Impett, E. A., Kogan, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028723 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Bravo, G., & Potvin, L. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90076-l · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Differential expression in SAGE: accounting for normal between-library variation
Baggerly, K., Deng, L., Morris, J. S., & Aldaz, C. M. (2003) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg173 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Maximum Likelihood Estimation in Semiparametric Regression Models with Censored Data
Zeng, D., & Lin, D. Y. (2007) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.1369-7412.2007.00606.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Newsome, S. D., Tinker, M. T., Monson, D. H., Oftedal, O. T., Ralls, K., Staedler, M. M., Fogel, M. L., & Estes, J. A. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1812.1 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
A Data-Adaptive Sum Test for Disease Association with Multiple Common or Rare Variants
Han, F., & Pan, W. (2010) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000288704 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Boksem, M. A. S., & Smidts, A. (2014) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.13.0572 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Debosz, K., Petersen, S. O., Kure, L. K., & Ambus, P. (2002) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/s0929-1393(01)00191-3 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
The analysis of repeated measures designs: A review
Keselman, H. J., Algina, J., & Kowalchuk, R. K. (2001) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711001159357 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Kise, N. J., Risberg, M. A., Stensrud, S., Ranstam, J., Engebretsen, L., & Roos, E. M. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i3740 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Design and analysis of clinical trials with clustering effects due to treatment
Roberts, C., & Roberts, S. A. (2005) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1191/1740774505cn076oa · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Adour, K. K., Ruboyianes, J. M., Trent, C. S., Doersten, P. G. V., Quesenberry, C. P., Byl, F. M., & Hitchcock, T. (1996) · Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology · doi:10.1177/000348949610500508 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
- Authors
- Satterthwaite, F. E.
- Corresponding author
- Satterthwaite, F. E.
- Venue
- Biometrics Bulletin
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1946-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 110
- ISSN
- 0099-4987 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2413573154
- Cited by
- 4,373
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 175 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 166 · 2023: 170 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 193 · 2020: 205 · 2019: 203 · 2018: 190 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 139 · 2014: 161 · 2013: 110 · 2012: 116
- FWCI
- 9.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biometrics Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- variance components, approximate distribution, random effects, mixed models
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Mathematics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review