Expanding test–retest designs to include developmental time-lag components.
Abstract
Test-retest data can reflect systematic changes over varying intervals of time in a design. This article shows how latent growth models with planned incomplete data can be used to separate psychometric components of developmental interest, including internal consistency reliability, test-practice effects, factor stability, factor growth, and state fluctuation. Practical analyses are proposed using a structural equation model for longitudinal data on multiple groups with different test-retest intervals. This approach is illustrated using 2 sets of data collected from students measured on the Woodcock-Johnson—Revised Memory and Reading scales. The results show how alternative time-lag models can be fitted and interpreted with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate data. Benefits, limitations, and extensions of this structural time-lag approach are discussed.
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Assessing practice effects inside a longitudinal design is a difficult modeling exercise requiring assumptions because longitudinal designs explicitly targeting practice effects are rarely employed.
“Assessing practice effects inside a longitudinal design is in and of itself a difficult modeling exercise that requires a number of assumptions, because longitudinal designs explicitly targeting practice effects are rarely employed (see Baltes et al., 1988; McArdle & Woodcock, 1997).”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as McArdle & Woodcock, 1997
Cites
On structural equation modeling with data that are not missing completely at random
Muthén, B., Kaplan, D., & Hollis, M. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294365 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
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Latent Variable Modeling of Differences and Changes with Longitudinal Data
McArdle, J. J. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163612 · Cited by 1,952 · see citing works
Self-citationHertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years.
Charles, S. T., Reynolds, C. A., & Gatz, M. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.136 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
Assessing psychological change in adulthood: An overview of methodological issues
Hertzog, C., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.639 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Ferrer, E., Hamagami, F., & McArdle, J. J. (2004) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_8 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationLatent difference score approach to longitudinal trauma research
King, L. A., King, D. W., McArdle, J. J., Saxe, G. N., Doron‐LaMarca, S., & Orazem, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20188 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- McArdle, J. J., & Woodcock, R. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 403-435
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2010845037
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- latent growth curve models, internal consistency, factor stability
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