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Adult Romantic Attachment: Theoretical Developments, Emerging Controversies, and Unanswered Questions
Abstract
The authors review the theory of romantic, or pair-bond, attachment as it was originally formulated by C. Hazan and P. R. Shaver in 1987 and describe how it has evolved over more than a decade. In addition, they discuss 5 issues related to the theory that need further clarification: (a) the nature of attachment relationships, (b) the evolution and function of attachment in adulthood, (c) models of individual differences in attachment, (d) continuity and change in attachment security, and (e) the integration of attachment, sex, and caregiving. In discussing these issues, they provide leads for future research and outline a more complete theory of romantic attachment.
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“Attachment theory emphasizes that internal working models shape trust, emotion regulation, and social behavioral strategies, thereby organizing social functioning and interpersonal tendencies (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2019; Fraley & Shaver, 2000).”
From Peer Attachment and Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Positive Legal Emotion and the Moderating Effect of Social Exclusion (2026) · cites this paper as Fraley & Shaver, 2000
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BackgroundLiu, T., Vickers, B. D., Seidler, R. D., & Preston, S. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1059051 · Cited by 6
“Attachment as a concept was derived by John Bowlby and expanded by Ainsworth, Main, Shaver and others to classify attachment styles in infant-caregiver or romantic-partner dyads, which can predict responses to threat (e.g., Bowlby, 1969; Ainsworth, 1979; Main et al., 1985; Fraley and Shaver, 2000).”
BackgroundShenkman, G. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054084 · Cited by 5
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SAĞLIK KAYGISI İLE İLİŞKİLİ FAKTÖRLER: SAĞLIK KAYGISINDA BAĞLANMANIN ROLÜ VAR MIDIR?
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“…’ s own lovability; concerns about being abandoned) and efforts to mitigate perceived relationship threats, whereas attachment avoidance is characterized by discomfort depending on others and efforts to limit intimacy and remain self-reliant (e.g., Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016).”
BackgroundMarsh, H., Rock, A., & Clark, G. I. (2024) · Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1080/13284207.2024.2336962 · Cited by 5
Prenatal coparenting and attachment style in Japanese pregnant women: A cross-sectional survey
Masui, Y., & Yamazaki, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309212 · Cited by 3
Cansever, B. K., Sira, N., Lamson, A. L. S., & Caldwell, A. E. (2025) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-025-00175-2 · Cited by 6
Jelić, M., & Kamenov, Ž. (2015) · Psihologijske teme · Cited by 3
Romm, C. T., & Somers, T. M. (2009) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-104-9.ch017 · Cited by 3
Self-Esteem, Negative Communication, and the Experience of Newlywed Couples
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Integrating Attachment Theory into Probation Practice: A Qualitative Study
Ansbro, M. (2017) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcx161 · Cited by 3
“Alternatively, there are four-part models based on axes of anxiety or avoidance (Fraley and Shaver, 2000), or a variation based on representations of self and other (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991).”
BackgroundNakao, T., Murakami, T., & Kazui, M. (2018) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.27.3.1 · Cited by 3
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“While secure attachment style is not measured in the ECR-R scale (Fraley & Shaver, 2000), individuals reporting higher scores on relational intimacy have shown to be more securely attached (Madey & Jilek, 2012; Madey & Rodgers, 2009).”
BackgroundA Collins–Read Felnőtt Kötődési Skála pszichometriai jellemzőinek vizsgálata
Őri, D., Kapornai, K., Baji, I., & Kiss, E. (2021) · Ideggyógyászati Szemle · doi:10.18071/isz.74.0087 · Cited by 4
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Review of General Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 132-154
- ISSN
- 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1552
- OpenAlex
- W2142842143
- Cited by
- 1,601
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 20.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- romantic attachment, attachment theory, adult attachment, attachment security, caregiving
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