Cited by 140Spatial Cognition and NavigationGeography Education and PedagogyPlace Attachment and Urban Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Handbook of spatial cognition.

·2013·American Psychological Association eBooks

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Spatial cognition is a branch of cognitive psychology that studies how people acquire and use knowledge about their environment to determine where they are, how to obtain resources, and how to find their way home. Researchers from a wide range of disciplines, including neuroscience, cognition, and sociology, have discovered a great deal about how humans and other animals sense, interpret, behave in, and communicate about space. This book addresses some of the most important dimensions of spatial cognition, such as neuroscience, perception, memory, and language. It provides a broad yet detailed overview that is useful not only to academics, practitioners, and advanced students of psychology, but also to city planners, architects, software designers, sociologists, and anyone else who seeks to understand how we perceive, interpret, and interact with the world around us.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/13936-000

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

25 years of research on the use of geometry in spatial reorientation: a current theoretical perspective
Cheng, K., Huttenlocher, J., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0416-1 · Cited by 204
Wormholes in virtual space: From cognitive maps to cognitive graphs
Warren, W. H., Rothman, D. B., Schnapp, B. H., & Ericson, J. D. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.020 · Cited by 167
Environment, cognition, and culture: Reconsidering the cognitive map
Heft, H. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.09.002 · Cited by 137
Visuo-spatial ability in individuals with Down syndrome: Is it really a strength?
Yang, Y., Conners, F. A., & Merrill, E. C. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.04.002 · Cited by 127
“…& Newcombe, 1984; Hegarty & Waller, 2005; Hyde, Winkler-Rhoades, Lee, Izard, Shapiro, & Spelke, 2011; Newcombe, 1982; Newcombe & Sluzenski, 2004; Waller & Nadel, 2013), there is still much to be learned about how infants and children acquire spatial representations and manipulate, interpret,…”
The ontogeny of a mammalian cognitive map in the real world
Harten, L. M., Katz, A., Goldshtein, A., Handel, M., & Yovel, Y. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay3354 · Cited by 118
From cognitive maps to spatial schemas
Farzanfar, D., Spiers, H. J., Moscovitch, M., & Rosenbaum, R. S. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-022-00655-9 · Cited by 115
“The influence of stored knowledge on segmentation of environments into subregions is suggested by studies showing that human spatial representations are prone to systematic biases 136,137 and may be hierarchically organized, similar to semantic and event knowledge 133,138,139 .”
Desktop VR Is Better Than Non-ambulatory HMD VR for Spatial Learning
Srivastava, P., Rimzhim, A., Vijay, P., Singh, S., & Chandra, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2019.00050 · Cited by 115
“…topology of the street segments and junctions reveals the geometric aspect of a layout, the topology of object association and cyclic order reveals the feature-based aspect of a given environment (Wiener et al., 2009; Wolbers and Hegarty, 2010; Waller and Nadel, 2013; MurciaLópez and Steed, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Wayfinding in Interior Environments: An Integrative Review
Jamshidi, S., Ensafi, M., & Pati, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.549628 · Cited by 107
“For a review of general spatial cognition, refer to Waller and Nadel (2013).”
Background
Thinking in Space: How Multimodal Large Language Models See, Remember, and Recall Spaces
Yang, J., Yang, S., Gupta, A. W., Han, R., Fei-Fei, L., & Xie, S. (2025) · 2025 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr52734.2025.00994 · Cited by 120
“We use “intelligence” rather than “cognition” as it is broader, and “spatial cognition” is a branch of cognitive psychology [83].”
Wayfinding: How Ecological Perspectives of Navigating Dynamic Environments Can Enrich Our Understanding of the Learner and the Learning Process in Sport
Woods, C. T., Rudd, J. R., Robertson, S. J., & Davids, K. (2020) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-020-00280-9 · Cited by 95
Behavioral and Perceptual Differences between Sexes in Dogs: An Overview
Scandurra, A., Alterisio, A., Cosmo, A. D., & D’Aniello, B. (2018) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani8090151 · Cited by 83
Examining wayfinding behaviours in architectural spaces using brain imaging with electroencephalography (EEG)
Erkan, İ. (2018) · Architectural Science Review · doi:10.1080/00038628.2018.1523129 · Cited by 82
“…factors include gender, age, and visual impairment, but social factors are also believed to have a powerful effect on wayfinding (Chebat and Slusarczyk 2005): familiarity (O’Neill 1992), cognitive differences (Waller and Nadel 2013) and directional behaviour of crowd movements (Sime 1995).”
Background
Body-specific representations of spatial location
Brunyé, T. T., Gardony, A. L., Mahoney, C. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.07.013 · Cited by 77
Evaluating the effects of collaboration and competition in navigation tasks and spatial knowledge acquisition within virtual reality environments
Liang, H., Lu, F., Shi, Y., Nanjappan, V., & Papangelis, K. (2018) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.02.029 · Cited by 74
Mesoscopic Neural Representations in Spatial Navigation
Kunz, L., Maidenbaum, S., Chen, D., Wang, L., Jacobs, J., & Axmacher, N. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.04.011 · Cited by 71
Unfolding the cognitive map: The role of hippocampal and extra-hippocampal substrates based on a systems analysis of spatial processing
Hunsaker, M. R., & Kesner, R. P. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.012 · Cited by 69
Spatial navigation and place imageability in sense of place
McCunn, L. J., & Gifford, R. (2017) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2017.12.006 · Cited by 76
Inferring user tasks in pedestrian navigation from eye movement data in real-world environments
Liao, H., Dong, W., Huang, H., Gärtner, G., & Liu, H. (2018) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2018.1482554 · Cited by 68
Measure of Landmark Semantic Salience through Geosocial Data Streams
Quesnot, T., & Roche, S. (2014) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi4010001 · Cited by 45
Probing the invariant structure of spatial knowledge: Support for the cognitive graph hypothesis
Ericson, J. D., & Warren, W. H. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104276 · Cited by 36
Modelling the effect of landmarks on pedestrian dynamics in urban environments
Filomena, G., & Verstegen, J. A. (2021) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101573 · Cited by 37
Evidence for age‐related deficits in object‐location binding during place recognition
Muffato, V., Hilton, C. W., Meneghetti, C., Béni, R. D., & Wiener, J. M. (2019) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23099 · Cited by 34
The potential of immersive virtual reality for representations in design education
Horvat, N., Martinec, T., Lukačević, F., Perišić, M. M., & Škec, S. (2022) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-022-00630-w · Cited by 39
Sculptors, Architects, and Painters Conceive of Depicted Spaces Differently
Cialone, C., Tenbrink, T., & Spiers, H. J. (2017) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12510 · Cited by 33
“A frequent domain for addressing the relation between language and thought is space, due to its ubiquitous relevance and manifold effects on human development (Newcombe & Huttenlocher, 2003; Waller & Nadel, 2013).”
Background
The horizontal worldview: A Wittgensteinian attitude towards scientific psychology
van Dijk, L., & Withagen, R. (2014) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354313517415 · Cited by 34
Combination and competition between path integration and landmark navigation in the estimation of heading direction
Harootonian, S. K., Ekstrom, A. D., & Wilson, R. C. (2022) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009222 · Cited by 36
“Navigation using only visual allothetic cues (for example navigating a virtual world on a desktop computer) is called Map or Landmark Navigation [1, 18].”
MethodInfluential
The processing and integration of map elements during a recognition memory task is mirrored in eye-movement patterns
Kuchinke, L., Dickmann, F., Edler, D., Bordewieck, M., & Bestgen, A.-K. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.07.002 · Cited by 33
Not all is lost in older adults' route learning: The role of visuo-spatial abilities and type of task
Muffato, V., Meneghetti, C., & Béni, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.07.003 · Cited by 33
Stepping Into a Map: Initial Heading Direction Influences Spatial Memory Flexibility
Gagnon, S. A., Brunyé, T. T., Gardony, A., Noordzij, M. L., Mahoney, C. R., & Taylor, H. A. (2014) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12055 · Cited by 26
Affective judgment in spatial context: How places derive affective meaning from the surroundings
Blaison, C., & Heß, U. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.005 · Cited by 30
The Tools of Enculturation
Menary, R., & Gillett, A. J. (2022) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12604 · Cited by 32
“Knowing where one is, where to find various resources or conspecifics, and where to obtain safety are crucial to survival (Shettleworth, 2010; Waller & Nadel, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Visual attention and its intimate links to spatial cognition
Tsotsos, J. K., Kotseruba, I., Rasouli, A., & Solbach, M. D. (2018) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-018-0881-6 · Cited by 26
Spatial Perception of 3D CAD Model Dimensions and Affordances in Virtual Environments
Lukačević, F., Škec, S., Perišić, M. M., Horvat, N., & Štorga, M. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3025634 · Cited by 28
Geometrical distortions in geographical cognitive maps
Costa, M., & Bonetti, L. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.12.004 · Cited by 27
A Systematic Review into Factors Influencing Sketch Map Quality
Hátlová, K., & Hanuš, M. (2020) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi9040271 · Cited by 23
Hospital Greenspaces and the Impacts on Wayfinding and Spatial Experience: An Explorative Experiment Through Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE) Techniques
Jiang, S., Allison, D., & Duchowski, A. T. (2022) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/19375867211067539 · Cited by 23
“Spatial cognition studies how people acquire and use knowledge about their environment to determine where they are, how to obtain resources, and how to find their way to a destination (Waller & Nadel, 2013).”
Background
Reconstructing atmospheres: Ambient sound in film and media production
Chattopadhyay, B. (2017) · Communication and the Public · doi:10.1177/2057047317742171 · Cited by 22
COVID ‐19 and Visual Disability: Can't Look and Now Don't Touch
Rizzo, J., Beheshti, M., Fang, Y., Flanagan, S. R., & Giudice, N. A. (2020) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12541 · Cited by 22
Frontal-midline theta and posterior alpha oscillations index early processing of spatial representations during active navigation
Du, Y. K., Liang, M., McAvan, A. S., Wilson, R. C., & Ekstrom, A. D. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.005 · Cited by 18
Embodied Perception: A Proposal to Reconcile Affordance and Spatial Perception
Cañal‐Bruland, R., & van der Kamp, J. (2015) · i-Perception · doi:10.1068/i0709jc · Cited by 19
Action’s influence on spatial perception: resolution and a mystery
Witt, J. K. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.045 · Cited by 18
Research on the Impact of Landscape Planning on Visual and Spatial Perception in Historical District Tourism: A Case Study of Laomendong
Shao, L., Ma, P., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13081134 · Cited by 20
Learning to echolocate in sighted people: A correlational study on attention working memory and spatial abilities
Ekkel, M. R., van Lier, R., & Steenbergen, B. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4833-z · Cited by 16
“These characteristics include object and scene properties, such as size, shape, and scale, as well as relations among objects, such as distance, direction, orientation, and location (Waller and Nadel 2013).”
Background
From GPS and virtual globes to spatial computing - 2020
Shekhar, S., Feiner, S., & Aref, W. G. (2015) · GeoInformatica · doi:10.1007/s10707-015-0235-9 · Cited by 16
When going the right way is hard to do: Distinct phases of action compatibility in spatial knowledge development
Wang, Q., Taylor, H. A., & Brunyé, T. T. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.01.006 · Cited by 17
The Road More Travelled: The Differential Effects of Spatial Experience in Young and Elderly Participants
Lopez, A., Germani, A., Tinella, L., Caffò, A., Postma, A., & Bosco, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020709 · Cited by 16
Cognitive map recall test: A new specific test to assess topographical disorientation
Descloux, V., & Maurer, R. (2016) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2016.1247094 · Cited by 15
“This last step (from route knowledge to allocentric representation) is done unconsciously and could partly take place during slow wave sleep, or during awake resting phases (Waller & Nadel, 2013), the binding occurring through the hippocampal theta rhythm (Buzsáki & Moser, 2013).”
Background
A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants
Zhao, H., Thrash, T., Wehrli, S., Hölscher, C., Kapadia, M., Grübel, J., Weibel, R. P., & Schinazi, V. R. (2018) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/58155 · Cited by 14
Wandering Eyes: Using Gaze-Tracking Method to Capture Eye Fixations in Unfamiliar Healthcare Environments
Ghamari, H., & Golshany, N. (2021) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/19375867211042344 · Cited by 13
iVR for the geosciences
Zhao, J., Femina, P. C. L., Wallgrün, J. O., et al. (2017) · doi:10.1109/kelvar.2017.7961557 · Cited by 12
Spatial Learning in a Virtual Environment: The Role of Self-Efficacy Feedback and Individual Visuospatial Factors
Miola, L., Muffato, V., Meneghetti, C., & Pazzaglia, F. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091185 · Cited by 12
Different Types of Survey-Based Environmental Representations: Egocentric vs. Allocentric Cognitive Maps
Kozhevnikov, M., & Puri, J. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13050834 · Cited by 17
Green versus grey break: children’s place experience of recess-time in primary schools’ natural and built area
Amicone, G., Collado, S., Perucchini, P., Petruccelli, I., Ariccio, S., & Bonaiuto, M. (2023) · Children s Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733285.2023.2207118 · Cited by 11
Evidence against the Detectability of a Hippocampal Place Code Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nolan, C. R., Vromen, J. M. G., Cheung, A., & Baumann, O. (2018) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0177-18.2018 · Cited by 11
Use it early: The effect of immersion on spatial and design space aspects in team-based mechanical design reviews
Horvat, N., Martinec, T., Uremović, I., & Škec, S. (2024) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2023.102270 · Cited by 14
Geosmartness for Personalized and Sustainable Future Urban Mobility
Raubal, M., Bucher, D., & Martin, H. (2021) · The urban book series · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_6 · Cited by 9
Age-related changes in visual encoding strategy preferences during a spatial memory task
Segen, V., Avraamides, M. N., Slattery, T. J., et al. (2021) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-021-01495-5 · Cited by 10
Behavioral Methods for Spatial Cognition Research
Montello, D. R. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119162124.ch9 · Cited by 11
How does the visual and cognitive saliency of landmarks improve construction of spatial representations in younger and older adults?
Ligonnière, V., Gyselinck, V., Lhuillier, S., Mostafavi, M. A., & Dommès, A. (2021) · Spatial Cognition and Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2021.1992410 · Cited by 10
Single-destination navigation in a multiple-destination environment: a new “later-destination attractor” bias in route choice
Fu, E., Bravo, M. J., & Roskos, B. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0521-7 · Cited by 9
“The current results are important because they confirm that there may be a common mechanism for route preferences regardless of the size of the space (e.g., Hicheur, Pham, Arechavaleta, Laumond, & Berthoz, 2007; Waller & Nadel, 2013); in this case, the common mechanism is the least-angle bias.”
Background
Spatial Cognition
Montello, D. R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.72057-5 · Cited by 13
Control your mind, make affordance available
Jin, Z., Lee, Y., & Zhu, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00096 · Cited by 8
Cognition and Spatial Behavior
Montello, D. R. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0498 · Cited by 12
The Ecological Approach to Perceiving and the Dynamics of Environmental Esthetics: A Research Agenda
Heft, H. (2024) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1080/10407413.2024.2361639 · Cited by 6
Forming Cognitive Maps of Ontologies Using Interactive Visualizations
Demelo, J., & Sedig, K. (2021) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti5010002 · Cited by 6
Effects of rearing with vertical structures on the ontogeny of depth perception in laying hens
Jones, C. T., Pullin, A. N., Blatchford, R. A., et al. (2023) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105837 · Cited by 6
Motion categorisation: Representing velocity qualitatively
Arrufi, J. P., & Kirsch, A. (2018) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2018.06.005 · Cited by 6
“If we consider the visual stimuli of a moving human, it is known that we use optical invariants [29], i.e., an “optical variable whose values remains invariant whenever the actor is in a state that if maintained, will bring about a successful outcome”.”
Background
Providing Accessible Recreation Outdoors—User-Driven Research on Standards (PARCOURS): Protocol for a Multiphase Study
Prescott, M., Routhier, F., Labbé, D., Grandisson, M., Mahmood, A. N., Morales, E., Best, K. L., Mostafavi, M. A., Borisoff, J., Gamache, S., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/33611 · Cited by 6
Cognitive Aspects: How People Perceive, Memorize, Think and Talk About Landmarks
Richter, K., & Winter, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05732-3_3 · Cited by 6
Decoding wayfinding: analyzing wayfinding processes in the outdoor environment
Alinaghi, N., Giannopoulos, I., Kattenbeck, M., & Raubal, M. (2025) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2025.2473599 · Cited by 9
A Comparison of Outdoor Green and Indoor Education: Psycho-Environmental Impact on Kindergarten and Primary Schools Teachers
Mosca, O., du Mérac, É. R., Pedditzi, M. L., Meloni, C., Isoni, C., Livi, S., & Fornara, F. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16188106 · Cited by 8
Digital Twins in Architecture
Horvath, A.-S., & Pouliou, P. (2024) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003425724-46 · Cited by 7
14. Architecture-for-interaction: Built, designed and furnished space for communicative purposes
Hausendorf, H., & Schmitt, R. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110693713-014 · Cited by 5
Empowering Visuo-spatial Abilities Among Italian Primary School Children: From Theory to Practice
Fastame, M. C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44385-0_7 · Cited by 5
The effect of text continuity on spatial representation: route versus survey perspective
Sugimoto, M., & Kusumi, T. (2013) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-013-0582-0 · Cited by 5
“A large environment cannot always be seen in one glance when a person is moving inside it, and it is probable that we process spatial information from large environments different from that of desktop environments (Waller and Nadel 2013).”
Background
Behavioral investigation of allocentric and egocentric cognitive maps in human spatial memory
Nett, L., Guth, T. A., Büchel, P. K., Rungratsameetaweemana, N., & Kunz, L. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109230 · Cited by 5
Gender differences in elementary school students’ fraction learning: roles of spatial ability and mathematical anxiety
Zhang, R., Chen, Z., & Deng, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1464501 · Cited by 16
Mental Rotation Performance: Contribution of Item Features to Difficulties and Functional Adaptation
Rajeb, M., Krist, A. T., Shi, Q., Oyeniran, D. O., Wind, S. A., & Lakin, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13010002 · Cited by 4
Spatial Cognition from Egocentric Video: Out of Sight, Not Out of Mind
Plizzari, C., Goel, S., Perrett, T., Chalk, J., Kanazawa, A., & Damen, D. (2025) · International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV) · doi:10.1109/3dv66043.2025.00115 · Cited by 18
“Spatial cognition is an innate ability, crucial to human survival, as it is how humans “acquire and use knowledge about their environment to determine where they are, how to obtain resources, and how to find their way home” [46].”
The auditory spectacle: designing sound for the ‘dubbing era’ of Indian cinema
Chattopadhyay, B. (2015) · The New Soundtrack · doi:10.3366/sound.2015.0068 · Cited by 4
A Cognitive Framework for Object Recognition with Application to Autonomous Vehicles
Roche, J., Silva, D., & KONDOZ, A. M. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01174-1_50 · Cited by 4
Cognitive representations of multilevel buildings: two- or three-dimensional?
Bock, O. L. (2025) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-025-07136-2 · Cited by 4
Impact of augmented reality-enhanced biological taxonomy instruction on students’ knowledge gains and science motivation
Ilobinso, A., Lowell, V., White, S., & Jones, K. (2025) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2025.2586526 · Cited by 4
Wayfinding and navigation behaviours among pilgrim tourists on the St. Olav Ways in Norway
Wattne, O. E., Aandalen, L., & Jansson, M. (2025) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2025.100891 · Cited by 3
Neuropsychological Assessment of First‐Year Architecture Students’ Visuospatial Abilities: Overview
Acar, A., Acar, A. Ş. S., Acar, A. Ş. S., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Art & Design Education · doi:10.1111/jade.12256 · Cited by 3
Spatial learning by egocentric updating during wayfinding in a real middle-scale environment: Effects of differences in route planning and following
Ohtsu, K. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.12.006 · Cited by 3
Navigating the patient room: critical care nurses' interaction with the designed physical environment
Hamilton, D. K. (2017) · Cited by 3
Talking about the Moving Image: A Declarative Model for Image Schema Based Embodied Perception Grounding and Language GenerationPreprint
Suchan, J., Bhatt, M., & Jhavar, H. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1508.03276 · Cited by 3
“v:1508.03276v1 [cs.AI] 13 Aug 2015 2 Jakob Suchan, Mehul Bhatt, and Harshita Jhavar by their respective ﬁeld of study [Freksa, 2004, Mix et al., 2009, Bateman, 2010, Bhatt, 2012, Bhatt et al., 2013a, Waller and Nadel, 2013]. Interdisciplinary studies on visuospatial cognition, e.g., concerning ‘visual perception’, ‘la…”
Background
Immersive Wayfinding Cues for 3D Video Games
Nisbet, B. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3ms3kc1z · Cited by 3
Age-related changes in visual encoding strategy preferences during a spatial memory taskPreprint
Segen, V., Avraamides, M. N., Slattery, T. J., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cvf4h · Cited by 3
Bayesian cue combination best predicts straight-line distance estimation with translated visual landmarks
Vishwanath, A., Watson, M. F., Gin, M. K., Markham, D. C., Huang, Y., Du, Y. K., Ekstrom, A. D., & Wilson, R. C. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109351 · Cited by 2
Boundary Strategies Enhance Spatial Cognitive Efficiency in Indoor Navigation: A VR-Based Investigation
Xu, J. M., Wang, S., & Fang, F. (2026) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings16051001 · Cited by 2
How to Help Older Adults Navigate Through VR? Effects in Outdoor–Indoor Transition Environments
Zuo, Y., & Zhou, J. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2405276 · Cited by 3
“The CRT task stands as one of the most commonly employed two-dimensional mental rotation tests (Waller & Nadel, 2013).”
Inducing strategies to solve a mental rotation task is possible: evidence from a sex-related eye-tracking analysis
Fernández-Méndez, L. M., Amores, L. C., Orenes, I., Prieto, A., Rodán, A., Montoro, P. R., Mayas, J., Cabestrero, R., & Contreras, M. J. (2024) · The Journal of general psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2024.2433287 · Cited by 1
“Spatial ability is defined as “the ability to generate, retain, retrieve, and transform well-structured visual images” (Lohman, 1996, p. 112), allowing individuals to perceive, interpret, mentally represent, and interact with the spatial characteristics of their environment (Waller & Nadel, 2013).”
The effect of time pressure and self-correction on successful wayfinding decisions
Huang, J.-Y., Memmert, D., Onur, O. A., & Bock, O. L. (2025) · Spatial Cognition and Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2025.2531085 · Cited by 3
Mobile Cognition
Raubal, M. (2015) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Adjunct (MobileHCI Adjunct) · doi:10.1145/2786567.2794321 · Cited by 2
Utilising GPS Data to Quantify Torso Range of Motion in Field Hockey Athletes
Warman, G. E., Chalkley, D., Cole, M. H., et al. (2018) · Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) · doi:10.3390/proceedings2060294 · Cited by 2
A Study on the Location Search by Landmarks in Consideration of the Spatial Image
Sakairi, T., Watanabe, M., Kamei, K., Ikawa, M., Kitamura, T., Izumi, T., & Nakatani, Y. (2016) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.592 · Cited by 2
“Spatial cognition is the knowledge about spatial environments to determine where they are, how to obtain resources, and how to find their way home [3].”
Background
How Does Digital Navigation on Sailboats Affect Spatial Abilities at Sea?
Müller-Plath, G. (2019) · TransNav the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation · doi:10.12716/1001.13.02.05 · Cited by 2
“According to current psychological theory (e.g. Waller & Nadel, 2013), it comprises three aspects: Landmark knowledge, route knowledge, and How Does Digital Navigation on Sailboats Affect Spatial Abilities at Sea?”
Translation of visual poetic spatiality
Liu, Y., & Tang, C. (2020) · Babel Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation / Revista Internacional de Traducción · doi:10.1075/babel.00185.liu · Cited by 2

Venue: American Psychological Association eBooks
Publisher: American Psychological Association
Published: 2013
DOI: 10.1037/13936-000
OpenAlex: W579876315
Cited by: 140
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3
FWCI: 6.79
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychological Association eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Geography Education and Pedagogy
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Place Attachment and Urban Studies
Keywords: spatial cognition, spatial perception, spatial memory, spatial language, spatial navigation, spatial representation, animal cognition, environmental knowledge

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Handbook of spatial cognition.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks